Poland: haplogroups

Name: Poland: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups
Creator: ftdnastat
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FamilyTreeDNA has 7,410 kits with a Y-DNA result and 4,405 kits with mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). On the paternal line the most common are R1a-M198 — 37%, R1b-L51 — 11% and I2 — 8%. On the maternal line the most common are H — 40%, U — 15% and K1 — 9%. YFull has 1,210 samples for Y from the same area, and its mix of major branches is almost the same. The largest gap is R1a-Z282: 29% on FTDNA against 44% on YFull.

Compare with…

39.4

Y-DNA · kits per 100,000 men

rank 28 of 123 among countries. About 19 million men (UN, 2023). A kit's country is the ancestor's homeland, not where the tester lives

11.4

mtDNA · kits per 100,000 people

rank 19 of 93 among countries. About 39 million people (UN, 2023)

Mitotree, the mt tree of FTDNA Discover, has about 987 more samples from here that the public mt tree lacks: mostly academic studies, GenBank among them (copy of 11 November 2026). This page is built from the public FTDNA tree.

Paternal line · Y-DNA

7,410 kits · 30 branches

Main branches of the Y tree. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches; sub-branches are indented. Age is how many years ago the branch's common ancestor lived (TMRCA).

3,860 · 52.1% 28k years

R1a-M198

2,713 · 36.6% 8,500 years

Z282

2,165 · 29.2% 4,800 years

M458

1,122 · 15.1% 4,300 years

Z280

988 · 13.3% 4,700 years

CTS1211

795 · 10.7% 4,400 years

Y35

669 · 9.0% 4,300 years

R1b-M269

1,047 · 14.1% 6,500 years

L23

924 · 12.5% 6,400 years

L51

782 · 10.6% 6,100 years

U106

363 · 4.9% 5,000 years

P312

346 · 4.7% 4,900 years

1,070 · 14.4% 30k years

556 · 7.5% 28k years

J2a

367 · 5.0% 20k years

474 · 6.4% 19k years

P58

319 · 4.3% 9,800 years

1,043 · 14.1% 35k years

596 · 8.0% 25k years

I2a

419 · 5.7% 20k years

CTS10228

324 · 4.4% 3,300 years

442 · 6.0% 20k years

DF29

340 · 4.6% 4,500 years

660 · 8.9% 52k years

E1b1b-M35

577 · 7.8% 25k years

E-Z830

293 · 4.0% 20k years

E-M78

230 · 3.1% 15k years

297 · 4.0% 28k years

257 · 3.5% 23k years

N1a-M178

243 · 3.3% 14k years

other

223 · 3.0%

Among the rest: Q 112, T 79, C 18, L 6, H 3, P 2, O 2, F 1.

Maternal line · mtDNA

4,405 kits · 30 branches

Main mt-tree branches grouped by letter, sub-branches indented. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Age is how many years ago the branch's common foremother lived, from FTDNA data where available.

1,758 · 39.9% 11k years

587 · 13.3% 7,900 years

H1c

148 · 3.4% 5,300 years

H1-T16189C!

139 · 3.2%

H1b

115 · 2.6% 5,100 years

168 · 3.8% 8,400 years

H-T195C!

126 · 2.9%

H2a

119 · 2.7% 8,000 years

668 · 15.2% 51k years

U5a'b

324 · 7.4% 30k years

U5a

191 · 4.3% 21k years

U5a1

116 · 2.6% 13k years

U5b

133 · 3.0% 25k years

U2'3'4'7'8'9

310 · 7.0% 50k years

146 · 3.3% 22k years

479 · 10.9% 29k years

386 · 8.8% 23k years

K1a

335 · 7.6% 11k years

K1a1

204 · 4.6% 11k years

K1a1b1a

181 · 4.1% 2,800 years

377 · 8.6% 20k years

284 · 6.4% 15k years

T2b

171 · 3.9% 8,500 years

311 · 7.1% 35k years

268 · 6.1% 28k years

J1c

226 · 5.1% 13k years

154 · 3.5% 13k years

153 · 3.5% 7,500 years

132 · 3.0% 12k years

115 · 2.6% 59k years

other

258 · 5.9%

Among the rest: L 30, C 21, M 15, D 8, G 5, B 1.

Migration paths of the characteristic branches #

Paths of the region's main characteristic branches, as modelled by FamilyTreeDNA Discover, on one calendar clock: in each year a branch stands where its ancestral line was. Grey is a stretch of path shared by several branches; the large marker is the branch itself. Above the map you can pick the paternal line (Y-DNA) or the maternal one (mtDNA).

Show the mapHide the map The map unfolds by itself as you scroll down to it.

Loading the map…

R-YP256 · 6%
R-CTS11962 · 6%
R-Y33 · 4%
R-YP237 · 3%
Shared trunk
Territory: Poland

The time scale is logarithmic: the closer to the present, the longer a year takes.

The same branches are in the tree on this page.

Poland: Y-DNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

R-YP256: 475 kits · 6.4% (95% confidence interval: 6–7%) (×15.5) 2,300 years
R-L260: 612 kits · 8.3% (95% confidence interval: 8–9%) (×13.8) 2,800 years
R-Y2604: 1,093 kits · 14.8% (95% confidence interval: 14–16%) (×10.4) 4,100 years
R-CTS11962: 479 kits · 6.5% (95% confidence interval: 6–7%) (×8.0) 3,100 years
R-CTS3402: 668 kits · 9.0% (95% confidence interval: 8–10%) (×7.2) 4,000 years
R-CTS1211 R1a-CTS1211: 795 kits · 10.7% (95% confidence interval: 10–11%) (×6.6) 4,400 years
R-Y33: 325 kits · 4.4% (95% confidence interval: 4–5%) (×7.5) 3,900 years
R-YP237: 241 kits · 3.3% (95% confidence interval: 3–4%) (×7.8) 3,700 years

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

3–24%25–34%35–42%43–54%55–92%Polandunder 100 kits

All 112 countries and regions by similarity

Poland: mtDNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

H11b: 35 kits · 0.8% (95% confidence interval: 1–1%) (×9.5)
H7e: 33 kits · 0.7% (95% confidence interval: 1–1%) (×8.1)
HV1b: 56 kits · 1.3% (95% confidence interval: 1–2%) (×6.5)
N1b: 98 kits · 2.2% (95% confidence interval: 2–3%) (×4.5)
I1c: 20 kits · 0.5% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×6.6)
H40b: 14 kits · 0.3% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×6.8)
C5c: 13 kits · 0.3% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×6.4)
HV5a: 18 kits · 0.4% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×5.7)

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

0–34%35–56%57–74%75–83%84–92%Polandunder 100 kits

All 71 countries and regions by similarity

YFull

The same country on YFull #

The same country at the second company, YFull. Its samples are placed on the FTDNA tree by shared mutations, so the branches are comparable. FTDNA share on the left, YFull on the right, then the difference in percentage points. Republics and other sub-regions are taken out of the country, as at FTDNA. Starred branches are nearly empty at YFull: every test there is whole-genome and reaches the fine branches. Only YFull customers (YF number) are counted, no ancient DNA. YFull data of 2026-11-02. The tree shows only its top three levels.

Y-DNA

7,410

FTDNA

kits

1,210

YFull

samples

FTDNAYFull

FTDNA · YFull · Δ

R R-M207

52.1% · 60.2%+8.2

R1a-M198 R-M198

36.6% · 45.9%+9.3

Z282 R-Z282

29.2% · 44.1%+14.9

R1b-M269 R-M269

14.1% · 14.3%+0.2

L23 R-L23

12.5% · 14.0%+1.5

J J-M304

14.4% · 7.8%−6.7

J2 J-M172

7.5% · 5.6%−1.9

J2a J-M410

5.0% · 4.2%−0.7

J1 J-M267

6.4% · 2.1%−4.2

P58 J-P58

4.3% · 2.1%−2.2

I I-L758

14.1% · 16.9%+2.8

I2 I-P215

8.0% · 9.4%+1.4

I2a I-P37

5.7% · 6.9%+1.2

I1 I-M253

6.0% · 7.4%+1.5

DF29 I-DF29

4.6% · 7.0%+2.4

E E-M96

8.9% · 7.1%−1.8

E1b1b-M35 E-M35

7.8% · 7.1%−0.7

E-Z830 E-CTS10298

4.0% · 2.6%−1.4

E-M78

3.1% · 4.5%+1.4

G G-M201

4.0% · 2.1%−1.9

N N-M231

3.5% · 3.9%+0.4

N1a-M178 N-M178

3.3% · 3.8%+0.5

mtDNA

4,405

FTDNA

kits

452

YFull

samples

FTDNAYFull

FTDNA · YFull · Δ

39.9% · 38.3%−1.6

13.3% · 11.7%−1.6

H1c

3.4% · 4.4%+1.1

H1-T16189C!

3.2% · 3.8%+0.6

3.8% · 4.0%+0.2

H-T195C!

2.9% · 2.9%0

H2a

2.7% · 2.4%−0.3

15.2% · 20.8%+5.6

U5a'b

7.4% · 10.8%+3.5

U5a

4.3% · 6.6%+2.3

U5b

3.0% · 4.2%+1.2

U2'3'4'7'8'9

7.0% · 9.1%+2

3.3% · 5.8%+2.4

10.9% · 7.1%−3.8

8.8% · 6.2%−2.6

K1a

7.6% · 3.5%−4.1

8.6% · 9.7%+1.2

6.4% · 7.5%+1.1

T2b

3.9% · 4.0%+0.1

7.1% · 8.2%+1.1

6.1% · 6.6%+0.6

J1c

5.1% · 6.0%+0.8

3.5% · 2.0%−1.5

3.5% · 3.3%−0.2

3.0% · 3.8%+0.8

2.6% · 1.8%−0.8

The same country on the project maps

In the FTDNA geographic projects a member puts the place of their paternal or maternal ancestor on the map. Here those points are set against the public tree: solid bar the tree, hatched bar the points on the maps, copy of 2026-10-20. A person in several projects counts once. Branches as in the tree above: each counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches.

Y-DNA FTDNA 7,410 · Projects 3,434

FTDNAProjects

FTDNA · Projects · Δ

R R-M207

52.1% · 54.3%+2.2

R1a-M198 R-M198

36.6% · 38.1%+1.5

Z282 R-Z282

29.2% · 28.8%−0.4

M458 R-M458

15.1% · 14.4%−0.8

Z280 R-Z280

13.3% · 13.7%+0.4

CTS1211 R-CTS1211

10.7% · 10.5%−0.2

Y35 R-Y35

9.0% · 9.2%+0.2

R1b-M269 R-M269

14.1% · 15.6%+1.5

L23 R-L23

12.5% · 12.3%−0.2

L51 R-L51

10.6% · 10.4%−0.2

J J-M304

14.4% · 9.8%−4.6

I I-L758

14.1% · 16.9%+2.9

I2 I-P215

8.0% · 8.5%+0.4

E E-M96

8.9% · 8.2%−0.7

mtDNA FTDNA 4,405 · Projects 1,805

FTDNAProjects

FTDNA · Projects · Δ

39.9% · 39.3%−0.6

13.3% · 9.6%−3.7

15.2% · 15.3%+0.1

U5a'b

7.4% · 5.7%−1.7

U2'3'4'7'8'9

7.0% · 7.3%+0.3

10.9% · 12.0%+1.1

8.8% · 7.5%−1.2

K1a

7.6% · 6.1%−1.5

K1a1

4.6% · 3.8%−0.9

8.6% · 7.8%−0.7

6.4% · 5.4%−1

7.1% · 6.5%−0.5

6.1% · 4.2%−1.9

J1c

5.1% · 3.7%−1.5

3,740

Y-DNA · People on the map

3,434 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 3,690 such votes

78%

Y-DNA · SNP-confirmed

that many have the branch confirmed by an SNP test, the rest predicted from STRs

1,805

mtDNA · People on the map

1,805 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 1,799 such votes

93%

agreement with YFull · Y

how closely the Y tree branches match between FTDNA and YFull, each branch counted without its sub-branches. 100% is identical, below 80% is visibly different.

R-Z282 +14.9

gap to YFull · Y

the Y branch whose share differs most between the two companies: FTDNA 29.2%, YFull 44.1%

34% / 19%

reached the finest branch: YFull / FTDNA

share of YFull samples and FTDNA kits that reached the finest branch of the FTDNA tree. On average a YFull sample sits 39.5 branchings from the root, an FTDNA kit 32.6

19%

Y-DNA · on leaves

share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.

31%

Big Y

rough share of kits with a Big Y test, a full read of the Y chromosome. It is estimated from the branches where the region's kits sit, so it is an estimate, not a count.

45%

mtDNA · on leaves

share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.

0.59

mt to Y

mtDNA kits per one Y-DNA kit. Below 0.3 means the country tests almost only the paternal line.

New this month #

FTDNA: how much the kit count grew between the tree copies of 2026-10-09 and 2026-11-12. A kit that moved to a new sub-branch after refinement is not counted as new. YFull: samples YFull itself marks as new, in the copy of 2026-11-02; YFull drops the mark after a few weeks.

+47

Y-DNA, FTDNA

new kits, 2026-10-09 → 2026-11-12

+13

mtDNA, FTDNA

new kits, 2026-10-12 → 2026-11-11

+12

Y-DNA, YFull

new samples as of 2026-11-02

mtDNA, YFull

new samples as of 2026-11-02

Y-DNA: branches that grew

R-L1029: +4
E-CTS5856*: +2
E-PF1962*: +2
I-Y3548: +2
R-U152* R1b-U152: +2
R-YP256: +2
R-Z2124 R1a-Z2124: +2
R-Z92 R1a-Z92: +2
E-BY3880*: +1
E-S2979: +1
E-V13*: +1
E-Y5427*: +1
G-CTS574*: +1
I-FGC20030: +1
I-L38 I2-L38: +1
I-S2077: +1
I-S2361: +1
I-Z2040: +1
I-Z74*: +1
J-L283* J2b-L283: +1
J-YSC0000234*: +1
J-Z1847*: +1
N-FGC52464: +1
N-L550*: +1
R-BY12480*: +1
R-BY30097*: +1
R-CTS11962*: +1
R-CTS7822 R1b-Z2110: +1
R-L2* R1b-L2: +1
R-L260*: +1
and 9 more

mtDNA: branches that grew

J1c: +2
U5b: +2
H10a: +1
H1b: +1
H5a: +1
K1a: +1
K1c: +1
K2a: +1
T2b: +1
T2c: +1
T2e: +1

New Y-DNA samples in YFull

G-Y14601 · Lubelskie
I-BY64484 · Kujawsko-pomorskie · Germans (Low German)
I-Y319029 · Mazowieckie
N-Y210929 · Mazowieckie · Poles
Q-FT29835 · Malopolskie · Poles
R-BY101959 · Wielkopolskie
R-BY133561 · Lubelskie
R-BY3449 · Warminsko-mazurskie
R-Y13240 · Lubelskie · Poles
R-Y178578 · Podlaskie
R-Y282287 · Mazowieckie
R-Y314899 · Podlaskie

New mtDNA samples in YFull

YFull

Regions on YFull #

Regions that cannot be picked at FTDNA but are reported by YFull customers. Regions with 20 or more samples are shown; modern YFull customers only. YFull regions →

Regions on YFull
Country / region	Y	mt	Leading
Mazowieckie PL-14	205	61	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 50%, R-L51 R1b-L51 17%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 8%
Podlaskie PL-20	132	25	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 47%, R-L51 R1b-L51 11%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 7%
Podkarpackie PL-18	108	48	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 30%, R-L23 R1b-L23 20%, I-P215 I2 15%
Wielkopolskie PL-30	97	31	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 46%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 10%, R-L51 R1b-L51 9%
Malopolskie PL-12	95	45	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 48%, R-L51 R1b-L51 8%, I-CTS10228 I2a-CTS10228 7%
Lubelskie PL-06	82	35	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 52%, I-CTS10228 I2a-CTS10228 9%, I-CTS616 I2b-CTS616 5%
Slaskie PL-24	66	30	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 44%, I-P215 I2 21%, R-L51 R1b-L51 14%
Lodzkie PL-10	54	26	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 39%, J-M67 J2a-M67 9%, R-U152 R1b-U152 7%
Kujawsko-pomorskie PL-04	54	18	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 48%, R-L23 R1b-L23 30%, J-M304 J 6%
Pomorskie PL-22	42	16	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 40%, E-V13 E-V13 10%, R-U106 R1b-U106 7%
Swietokrzyskie PL-26	36	22	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 61%, R-U106 R1b-U106 8%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 8%
Warminsko-mazurskie PL-28	27	8	R-L51 R1b-L51 22%, R-Y35 R1a-Y35 19%, I-P215 I2 15%

YFull

Peoples and languages on YFull #

Native language reported by YFull customers from this country. People from regions with a page of their own (republics, autonomies) are shown there. These are the testers' own answers, not a census.

Poles 262 / 120
Germans 27 / 16
Ashkenazi Jews 36 / 6
English 13 / 5
Silesians 11 / 7
Russians 8 / 0

YFull

Recent kin across borders #

Shared young paternal branches: YFull customers from this country and from the partner country have a common paternal-line ancestor no older than 500 years. The comparison accounts for how linked a country is abroad overall: shown are partners with more shared branches than its general openness would give. It reflects recent migration and shared ancestry, not ethnicity.

Recent kin across borders
Country	shared branches	expected	×	chance?
Ukraine	23	3.3	7.1	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Belarus	17	2.6	6.6	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Lithuania	17	3.0	5.8	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Germany	12	2.3	5.2	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Czech Republic	7	0.89	7.8	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Hungary	7	1.1	6.5	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Romania	6	0.76	7.9	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Russia	6	2.0	3.0	unlikely by chance p = 0.013

YFull

Paternal and maternal lines together #

Members of this people with both lines known on YFull. For each “Y branch × mt branch” combination, how many times it occurred and how many would be expected if the two lines had nothing to do with each other. Y and mt pairs → n=479

Notably above chance

Y × mt: line combinations · Notably above chance
Y	mt	pairs	expected by chance	×	chance?
R1a-Y35	H2a	6	2.0	2.94	unlikely by chance p = 0.007

Most frequent combinations

Y × mt: line combinations · Most frequent combinations
Y	mt	pairs	expected by chance	×	chance?
R1a-M458	J1c	10	7.3	1.37	could be chance p = 0.168
R1a-M458	U5a	9	7.1	1.27	could be chance p = 0.257
R1a-M458	U5b	9	5.0	1.82	could be chance p = 0.037
R1a-Y35	U5a	8	5.6	1.44	could be chance p = 0.173
R1a-M458	U4a	6	4.3	1.41	could be chance p = 0.232
R1a-Y35	H2a	6	2.0	2.94	unlikely by chance p = 0.007
R1a-Y35	U4a	6	3.3	1.79	could be chance p = 0.097
R1a-Y35	H1c	5	4.7	1.08	could be chance p = 0.510

Ancient relatives of male lines #

Which cultures of the Copper Age and Early Bronze Age (4000–2000 BCE) the local male lines lead to most closely. The share is how many kits lead to a culture; the range is in brackets.

CulturesBranches

Left: the major branches through which the lines lead to a culture; right: all major branches. Grey: the part of a branch without ancient relatives of this era.

Corded Ware and Fatyanovo–Balanovo cultureshared branches: R-M417, R-P310, N-CTS6967
in the same bar: Neolithic Scandinavian, Seima-Turbino culture56%(48%–65%)
No close ancient relativesalso cultures under 3% and kits with shallow tests44%

How it is counted

Branches of the era. We take the ancient samples whose date falls inside the era, and compare the lines as they stood 1,500 years before the era ends.
A culture’s profile is the share of its lines on those branches. The number of samples does not change a weight: a culture of seven men weighs as much as one of a hundred and twenty.
A shallow test. An ancient man typed above the cut is spread over the branches under his node, by how many men each holds now. Today’s kits are treated the same way.
Who is admitted. A culture takes part when its sharply typed men cover 25% of the population on their own: branch by branch we add the smaller of the two shares, the culture’s and the population’s. One dug within 550 km needs only 0.5%.
The shares. We pick the weights of the cultures so that their mixture comes as close as it can to today’s set of branches.
Look-alike cultures. When cultures share almost all their branches, the data cannot say whose kin the men are. So we do not split the share between them: they get one bar.
The range. We recount everything on random subsets of the samples. In brackets are the bounds the share keeps in nine runs out of ten. A share that can fall below 5%, or below half of itself, is not shown at all.

What it does not mean. This is kinship of male lines, not the origin of a people. The female lines say nothing here. Who takes a test is a matter of chance, so the shares compare between countries, not with a census.

Other eras: Early Middle Ages — Roman Age Pannonian 15%.

Ancient samples

From excavations on this territory: 313 samples by Y-DNA and 148 samples by mtDNA. The oldest: 113,980 BCE, NM1.

Early Slavs 136 · Wielbark culture 56 · Trzciniec culture 30 · Chalcolithic Eastern European 12 · Corded Ware culture 12

All ancient samples →

Data on this page: FamilyTreeDNA Y tree, 12 November 2026: 7,410 kits; FamilyTreeDNA mtDNA tree, 11 November 2026: 4,405 kits; YFull Y tree, 2 November 2026: 1,210 samples; YFull mtDNA tree, 2 November 2026: 452 samples.

How to cite: ftdnastat, "Poland: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups", https://ftdnastat.github.io/en/c/poland/, data of 2026-11-14, build 20261114-18dba71.

The data is licensed under CC BY 4.0: take it, rework it, just credit ftdnastat.