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India: haplogroups

FamilyTreeDNA has 1,487 kits with a Y-DNA result and 374 kits with mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). On the paternal line the most common are R1a-M198 — 22%, J2 — 15% and R2 — 12%. On the maternal line the most common are M — 44%, R — 16% and U2 — 10%. YFull has 210 samples for Y from the same area, and its mix of major branches is noticeably different. The largest gap is R1a-Z93: 13% on FTDNA against 28% on YFull.

Compare with…
0.2
Y-DNA · kits per 100,000 men
rank 119 of 123 among countries. About 742 million men (UN, 2023). A kit's country is the ancestor's homeland, not where the tester lives
< 0.1
mtDNA · kits per 100,000 people
rank 92 of 93 among countries. About 1438 million people (UN, 2023)

FTDNA Discover holds about 409 more samples here that are not in the public tree, mostly from academic studies (estimate from the copy of 13 November 2026); this page is built from the public FTDNA tree.

Mitotree, the mt tree of FTDNA Discover, has about 1,089 more samples from here that the public mt tree lacks: mostly academic studies, GenBank among them (copy of 11 November 2026). This page is built from the public FTDNA tree.

Paternal line · Y-DNA

1,487 kits · 30 branches
Main branches of the Y tree. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches; sub-branches are indented. Age is how many years ago the branch's common ancestor lived (TMRCA).
R
577 · 38.8% 28k years
R1a-M198
320 · 21.5% 8,500 years
Z93
196 · 13.2% 4,700 years
L657
137 · 9.2% 4,000 years
Z2124
31 · 2.1% 4,500 years
Z2123
21 · 1.4% 4,300 years
R2
183 · 12.3% 16k years
R1b-M269
29 · 2.0% 6,500 years
L23
24 · 1.6% 6,400 years
L51
18 · 1.2% 6,100 years
H-M69
273 · 18.4% 39k years
M52
175 · 11.8% 19k years
M82
77 · 5.2% 16k years
J
250 · 16.8% 30k years
J2
221 · 14.9% 28k years
J2a
73 · 4.9% 20k years
Z2222
55 · 3.7% 16k years
L25
29 · 2.0% 8,800 years
J2b
63 · 4.2% 16k years
M241
48 · 3.2% 9,500 years
J1
29 · 2.0% 19k years
P58
20 · 1.3% 9,800 years
L
158 · 10.6% 24k years
M27
43 · 2.9% 8,500 years
M357
29 · 2.0% 7,600 years
C
53 · 3.6% 48k years
Q
48 · 3.2% 30k years
O
38 · 2.6% 32k years
O1b-M95
26 · 1.7% 12k years
G
35 · 2.4% 28k years
other
55 · 3.7%

Among the rest: F 16, I 12, T 5, E 4, A 3, K 3, N 3.

Maternal line · mtDNA

374 kits · 30 branches
Main mt-tree branches grouped by letter, sub-branches indented. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Age is how many years ago the branch's common foremother lived, from FTDNA data where available.
M
163 · 43.6% 53k years
M4''67
53 · 14.2% 37k years
M30
33 · 8.8% 18k years
M4''67-T16311C!
10 · 2.7%
M5
25 · 6.7% 46k years
M5a
20 · 5.3% 16k years
M5a2a
12 · 3.2% 14k years
M35-T199C
15 · 4.0% 29k years
M2a'b
13 · 3.5%
M3a1-T204C
7 · 1.9% 9,200 years
U
75 · 20.1% 51k years
U2'3'4'7'8'9
63 · 16.8% 50k years
U2
39 · 10.4% 50k years
U2-T152C!
15 · 4.0%
U2c1
10 · 2.7% 32k years
U2b
14 · 3.7% 37k years
U2a1
8 · 2.1% 33k years
U7a
12 · 3.2% 14k years
U7a3
8 · 2.1% 14k years
U4
8 · 2.1% 22k years
R
58 · 15.5% 58k years
R30
15 · 4.0% 56k years
R5a2
12 · 3.2% 14k years
R5a2b
9 · 2.4% 11k years
R6
12 · 3.2% 51k years
W
14 · 3.7% 12k years
W-C194T
10 · 2.7% 12k years
H
14 · 3.7% 11k years
HV
9 · 2.4% 13k years
T2
8 · 2.1% 15k years
other
33 · 8.8%

Among the rest: L 6, B 4, N 3, I 3, A 2, X 2.

Migration paths of the characteristic branches #

Paths of the region's main characteristic branches, as modelled by FamilyTreeDNA Discover, on one calendar clock: in each year a branch stands where its ancestral line was. Grey is a stretch of path shared by several branches; the large marker is the branch itself. Above the map you can pick the paternal line (Y-DNA) or the maternal one (mtDNA).

Show the mapHide the map The map unfolds by itself as you scroll down to it.

Loading the map…

The time scale is logarithmic: the closer to the present, the longer a year takes.

The same branches are in the tree on this page.

India: Y-DNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

  • L-M20 L: 158 kits · 10.6% (95% confidence interval: 9–12%) (×15.3) 24k years
  • R-Z94 R1a-Z94: 190 kits · 12.8% (95% confidence interval: 11–15%) (×12.9) 4,600 years
  • L-M22 L-M22: 78 kits · 5.2% (95% confidence interval: 4–6%) (×9.1) 20k years
  • C-M216 C: 53 kits · 3.6% (95% confidence interval: 3–5%) (×5.6) 48k years
  • J-M102 J2b: 63 kits · 4.2% (95% confidence interval: 3–5%) (×4.0) 16k years
  • J-M241 J2b-M241: 48 kits · 3.2% (95% confidence interval: 2–4%) (×4.1) 9,500 years

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

3–14%15–19%20–25%26–35%36–89%Indiaunder 100 kits
All 112 countries and regions by similarity
  1. Sri Lanka 89%
  2. Pakistan 83%
  3. Afghanistan 67%
  4. Tajikistan 63%
  5. Uzbekistan 60%
  6. Iran 59%
  7. Azerbaijan 46%
  8. Iraq 46%
  9. Kazakhstan 45%
  10. Turkey 43%
  11. Bahrain 41%
  12. Indonesia 41%
  13. Kuwait 40%
  14. Qatar 40%
  15. Syria 39%
  16. Israel 39%
  17. United Arab Emirates 39%
  18. Lebanon 38%
  19. Georgia 37%
  20. Greece 37%
  21. Russia 36%
  22. Romania 35%
  23. Armenia 35%
  24. Saudi Arabia 33%
  25. Italy 33%
  26. Hungary 32%
  27. Austria 31%
  28. Belarus 30%
  29. Lithuania 30%
  30. Oman 29%
  31. Ukraine 29%
  32. Egypt 29%
  33. Mongolia 28%
  34. Poland 27%
  35. Latvia 27%
  36. Philippines 27%
  37. Slovakia 27%
  38. Jordan 26%
  39. Moldova 26%
  40. China 26%
  41. Spain 26%
  42. South Africa 25%
  43. Palestine 25%
  44. Chechnya 25%
  45. Germany 25%
  46. Dagestan 24%
  47. Portugal 24%
  48. Tunisia 24%
  49. Switzerland 23%
  50. Bulgaria 23%
  51. Adygea 23%
  52. Algeria 22%
  53. France 21%
  54. Czech Republic 21%
  55. Tatarstan 21%
  56. Netherlands 21%
  57. Sudan 21%
  58. Macedonia 20%
  59. Morocco 20%
  60. United States (Native American) 20%
  61. Italy (Sicily) 20%
  62. Belgium 20%
  63. Mexico 20%
  64. Libya 20%
  65. Japan 19%
  66. Yemen 19%
  67. Brazil 19%
  68. Bashkortostan 19%
  69. United Kingdom 19%
  70. Colombia 19%
  71. Slovenia 19%
  72. England 19%
  73. Iceland 18%
  74. Jamaica 17%
  75. Albania 17%
  76. South Korea 17%
  77. Croatia 16%
  78. Cuba 16%
  79. United States 16%
  80. Australia 16%
  81. Puerto Rico 16%
  82. Ingushetia 15%
  83. Denmark 15%
  84. Argentina 15%
  85. Orstkhoy (Aosta Valley in FTDNA) 15%
  86. Serbia 15%
  87. New Zealand 15%
  88. Canada 15%
  89. Luxembourg 14%
  90. Scotland 14%
  91. Wales 13%
  92. Bosnia and Herzegovina 13%
  93. Vietnam 13%
  94. Norway 13%
  95. Ireland 12%
  96. Sweden 12%
  97. Dominican Republic 11%
  98. Chuvashia 10%
  99. Mordovia 10%
  100. Northern Ireland 10%
  101. Peru 9%
  102. Chile 9%
  103. Montenegro 8%
  104. Cameroon 8%
  105. Estonia 7%
  106. England (Cornish) 7%
  107. Nigeria 5%
  108. Karelia 5%
  109. Somalia 5%
  110. Finland 5%
  111. Ghana 4%
  112. Isle of Man 3%

Of the five most similar countries by the paternal and by the maternal line, 0 coincide. The male and female lines may have different histories here, or a diaspora is showing.

India: mtDNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

  • U2a: 10 kits · 2.7% (95% confidence interval: 1–5%) (×258.5)
  • M30: 17 kits · 4.5% (95% confidence interval: 3–7%) (×198.4)
  • R5a: 13 kits · 3.5% (95% confidence interval: 2–6%) (×204.5)
  • M2a: 12 kits · 3.2% (95% confidence interval: 2–6%) (×180.9)
  • M5a: 20 kits · 5.3% (95% confidence interval: 3–8%) (×127.0)
  • U2b: 14 kits · 3.7% (95% confidence interval: 2–6%) (×140.7)
  • U2c: 10 kits · 2.7% (95% confidence interval: 1–5%) (×109.7)
  • U7a: 12 kits · 3.2% (95% confidence interval: 2–6%) (×25.0)

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

3–13%14–18%19%20–21%22–32%Indiaunder 100 kits
All 71 countries and regions by similarity
  1. United Arab Emirates 32%
  2. Kuwait 30%
  3. Saudi Arabia 29%
  4. South Africa 27%
  5. Iraq 26%
  6. Iran 25%
  7. Turkey 25%
  8. Chechnya 24%
  9. Greece 23%
  10. Italy 23%
  11. Armenia 22%
  12. Poland 22%
  13. Bulgaria 22%
  14. Russia 22%
  15. Syria 21%
  16. Hungary 21%
  17. United States 21%
  18. Czech Republic 21%
  19. France 21%
  20. Slovakia 21%
  21. Ukraine 21%
  22. Germany 20%
  23. Austria 20%
  24. Bosnia and Herzegovina 20%
  25. Sweden 20%
  26. Romania 20%
  27. Croatia 20%
  28. Spain 19%
  29. United Kingdom 19%
  30. Portugal 19%
  31. Serbia 19%
  32. England 19%
  33. Norway 19%
  34. Scotland 19%
  35. Ireland 19%
  36. Switzerland 19%
  37. Canada 19%
  38. Belarus 19%
  39. Lithuania 19%
  40. Latvia 18%
  41. United States (Native American) 18%
  42. Lebanon 18%
  43. Denmark 18%
  44. Netherlands 18%
  45. Estonia 18%
  46. Slovenia 17%
  47. Algeria 17%
  48. Northern Ireland 17%
  49. Australia 17%
  50. Belgium 17%
  51. Egypt 16%
  52. Wales 16%
  53. Israel 16%
  54. Finland 15%
  55. Moldova 14%
  56. Cuba 14%
  57. New Zealand 13%
  58. Morocco 13%
  59. Brazil 12%
  60. Dominican Republic 12%
  61. Puerto Rico 9%
  62. China 8%
  63. Mexico 8%
  64. Jamaica 7%
  65. Argentina 5%
  66. South Korea 5%
  67. Colombia 5%
  68. Canada (First Nations) 4%
  69. Philippines 3%
  70. Japan 3%
  71. Chile 3%

Of the five most similar countries by the paternal and by the maternal line, 0 coincide. The male and female lines may have different histories here, or a diaspora is showing.

YFull

The same country on YFull #

The same country at the second company, YFull. Its samples are placed on the FTDNA tree by shared mutations, so the branches are comparable. FTDNA share on the left, YFull on the right, then the difference in percentage points. Republics and other sub-regions are taken out of the country, as at FTDNA. Starred branches are nearly empty at YFull: every test there is whole-genome and reaches the fine branches. Only YFull customers (YF number) are counted, no ancient DNA. YFull data of 2026-11-02. The tree shows only its top three levels.

Y-DNA

1,487
FTDNA
kits
210
YFull
samples
FTDNAYFull
FTDNA · YFull · Δ
R R-M207
38.8% · 42.4%+3.6
R1a-M198 R-M198
21.5% · 27.6%+6.1
Z93 R-Z93
13.2% · 27.6%+14.4
R2 R-M479
12.3% · 10.5%−1.8
R1b-M269 R-M269
2.0% · 4.3%+2.3
L23 R-L23
1.6% · 4.3%+2.7
H-M69
18.4% · 9.0%−9.3
M52 H-M52
11.8% · 5.7%−6.1
M82 H-M82
5.2% · 4.3%−0.9
J J-M304
16.8% · 26.2%+9.4
J2 J-M172
14.9% · 17.1%+2.3
J2a J-M410
4.9% · 9.0%+4.1
J2b J-M102
4.2% · 8.1%+3.9
J1 J-M267
2.0% · 9.0%+7.1
P58 J-P58
1.3% · 8.6%+7.2
L L-M20
10.6% · 11.0%+0.3
M27 L-M27
2.9% · 4.8%+1.9
M357 L-M357
2.0% · 5.2%+3.3
C C-M216
3.6% · 1.4%−2.1
Q Q-M242
3.2% · 4.3%+1.1
O O-M175
2.6% · 0.5%−2.1
O1b-M95 O-M95
1.7% · 0.5%−1.3
G G-M201
2.4% · 1.0%−1.4

mtDNA

374
FTDNA
kits
122
YFull
samples
FTDNAYFull
FTDNA · YFull · Δ
M
43.6% · 60.7%+17.1
M4''67
14.2% · 15.6%+1.4
M30
8.8% · 10.7%+1.8
M4''67-T16311C!
2.7% · 3.3%+0.6
M5
6.7% · 13.1%+6.4
M5a
5.3% · 9.0%+3.7
M35-T199C
4.0% · 3.3%−0.7
M2a'b
3.5% · 3.3%−0.2
M3a1-T204C
1.9% · 3.3%+1.4
U
20.1% · 18.9%−1.2
U2'3'4'7'8'9
16.8% · 18.0%+1.2
U2
10.4% · 12.3%+1.9
U7a
3.2% · 3.3%+0.1
U4
2.1% · 0.8%−1.3
R
15.5% · 9.0%−6.5
R30
4.0% · 0.8%−3.2
R5a2
3.2% · 2.5%−0.7
R5a2b
2.4% · 1.6%−0.8
R6
3.2% · 1.6%−1.6
W
3.7% · 4.1%+0.4
W-C194T
2.7% · 2.5%−0.2
H
3.7% · 1.6%−2.1
HV
2.4% · 2.5%+0.1
T2
2.1% · 1.6%−0.5

The same country on the project maps

In the FTDNA geographic projects a member puts the place of their paternal or maternal ancestor on the map. Here those points are set against the public tree: solid bar the tree, hatched bar the points on the maps, copy of 2026-10-20. A person in several projects counts once. Branches as in the tree above: each counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Regions with a page of their own are not included here: they are counted apart.

Y-DNA FTDNA 1,487 · Projects 302

FTDNAProjects
FTDNA · Projects · Δ
R R-M207
38.8% · 43.0%+4.2
R1a-M198 R-M198
21.5% · 30.5%+8.9
Z93 R-Z93
13.2% · 23.2%+10
L657 R-L657
9.2% · 15.6%+6.3
R2 R-M479
12.3% · 7.3%−5
H-M69
18.4% · 15.6%−2.8
M52 H-M52
11.8% · 8.9%−2.8
M82 H-M82
5.2% · 7.9%+2.8
J J-M304
16.8% · 20.5%+3.7
J2 J-M172
14.9% · 15.9%+1
J2a J-M410
4.9% · 8.9%+4
Z2222 J-PF5160
3.7% · 7.0%+3.3
J2b J-M102
4.2% · 3.0%−1.3
L L-M20
10.6% · 8.9%−1.7

mtDNA FTDNA 374 · Projects 183

FTDNAProjects
FTDNA · Projects · Δ
M
43.6% · 44.3%+0.7
M4''67
14.2% · 6.0%−8.2
M30
8.8% · 4.4%−4.5
M5
6.7% · 3.3%−3.4
M5a
5.3% · 2.7%−2.6
M35-T199C
4.0% · 2.2%−1.8
U
20.1% · 25.1%+5.1
U2'3'4'7'8'9
16.8% · 13.7%−3.2
U2
10.4% · 6.6%−3.9
U2-T152C!
4.0% · 1.1%−2.9
R
15.5% · 12.6%−2.9
R30
4.0% · 0.0%−4
W
3.7% · 2.7%−1
H
3.7% · 3.3%−0.5
386
Y-DNA · People on the map
302 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 377 such votes
77%
Y-DNA · SNP-confirmed
that many have the branch confirmed by an SNP test, the rest predicted from STRs
184
mtDNA · People on the map
183 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 177 such votes
72%
agreement with YFull · Y
how closely the Y tree branches match between FTDNA and YFull, each branch counted without its sub-branches. 100% is identical, below 80% is visibly different.
R-Z93 +14.4
gap to YFull · Y
the Y branch whose share differs most between the two companies: FTDNA 13.2%, YFull 27.6%
34% / 9%
reached the finest branch: YFull / FTDNA
share of YFull samples and FTDNA kits that reached the finest branch of the FTDNA tree. On average a YFull sample sits 33.6 branchings from the root, an FTDNA kit 22.5
9%
Y-DNA · on leaves
share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.
16%
Big Y
rough share of kits with a Big Y test, a full read of the Y chromosome. It is estimated from the branches where the region's kits sit, so it is an estimate, not a count.
39%
mtDNA · on leaves
share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.
0.25
mt to Y
mtDNA kits per one Y-DNA kit. Below 0.3 means the country tests almost only the paternal line.

New this month #

FTDNA: how much the kit count grew between the tree copies of 2026-10-09 and 2026-11-12. A kit that moved to a new sub-branch after refinement is not counted as new. YFull: samples YFull itself marks as new, in the copy of 2026-11-02; YFull drops the mark after a few weeks.

+4
Y-DNA, FTDNA
new kits, 2026-10-09 → 2026-11-12
+2
mtDNA, FTDNA
new kits, 2026-10-12 → 2026-11-11
+9
Y-DNA, YFull
new samples as of 2026-11-02
+2
mtDNA, YFull
new samples as of 2026-11-02

Y-DNA: branches that grew

mtDNA: branches that grew

New Y-DNA samples in YFull

New mtDNA samples in YFull

Paternal and maternal neighbours differ. Of the five most similar countries by the paternal and by the maternal line, 0 coincide. The male and female lines may have different histories here, or a diaspora is showing.

Subregions #

Each bar is all the kits of one place; a colour is a group of haplogroups. The “India” line holds kits that name only the country, without a region. A faded line has fewer than 20 kits; its shares are unreliable.

Y-DNA

R1a-M417R2rest of RH-M82rest of HJ2arest of JQLother
India no region 1,487
Jammu and Kashmir 5

mtDNA

M30M5M35rest of MU2rest of URWHother
India no region 374
Jammu and Kashmir 1
YFull

Regions on YFull #

Regions that cannot be picked at FTDNA but are reported by YFull customers. Regions with 20 or more samples are shown; modern YFull customers only. YFull regions →

Regions on YFull
Country / region Y mt Leading
Kerala IN-KL 31 10 R-Z93 R1a-Z93 19%, R-M479 R2 16%, Q-M242 Q 13%
Punjab IN-PB 29 21 R-L657 R1a-L657 28%, R-M479 R2 14%, R-L23 R1b-L23 14%
Uttar Pradesh IN-UP 20 6 J-L859 J1-L859 30%, R-L657 R1a-L657 25%, J-M172 J2 15%
YFull

Peoples and languages on YFull #

Native language reported by YFull customers from this country. People from regions with a page of their own (republics, autonomies) are shown there. These are the testers' own answers, not a census.

YFull

Paternal and maternal lines together #

Members of this people with both lines known on YFull. For each “Y branch × mt branch” combination, how many times it occurred and how many would be expected if the two lines had nothing to do with each other. Y and mt pairs → n=141

Most frequent combinations

Y × mt: line combinations · Most frequent combinations
Y mt pairs expected by chance × chance?
H-M82 M5a 3 0.6 4.81 could be chance p = 0.016
R1a-L657 M5a 3 2.6 1.13 could be chance p = 0.522
R2 M5a 3 1.3 2.26 could be chance p = 0.130

Ancient samples

From excavations on this territory: 20 samples by Y-DNA and 0 samples by mtDNA. The oldest: 722 CE, Medieval Indian.

Medieval Indian 12 · Historical Indian 8

All ancient samples →

Data on this page: FamilyTreeDNA Y tree, 12 November 2026: 1,487 kits; FamilyTreeDNA mtDNA tree, 11 November 2026: 374 kits; YFull Y tree, 2 November 2026: 210 samples; YFull mtDNA tree, 2 November 2026: 122 samples.

How to cite: ftdnastat, "India: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups", https://ftdnastat.github.io/en/c/india/, data of 2026-11-14, build 20261114-18dba71.

The data is licensed under CC BY 4.0: take it, rework it, just credit ftdnastat.