United Kingdom: haplogroups

Name: United Kingdom: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups
Creator: ftdnastat
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FamilyTreeDNA has 9,757 kits with a Y-DNA result and 4,471 kits with mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). On the paternal line the most common are R1b-L51 — 57%, I1 — 15% and I2 — 8%. On the maternal line the most common are H — 45%, U — 14% and J1 — 8%. YFull has 235 samples for Y from the same area, and its mix of major branches is noticeably different. The largest gap is R1b-M269: 60% on FTDNA against 40% on YFull.

Compare with…

28.9

Y-DNA · kits per 100,000 men

rank 34 of 123 among countries. About 34 million men (UN, 2023). A kit's country is the ancestor's homeland, not where the tester lives

6.5

mtDNA · kits per 100,000 people

rank 33 of 93 among countries. About 69 million people (UN, 2023)

Mitotree, the mt tree of FTDNA Discover, has about 1,895 more samples from here that the public mt tree lacks: mostly academic studies, GenBank among them (copy of 11 November 2026). This page is built from the public FTDNA tree.

Paternal line · Y-DNA

9,757 kits · 30 branches

Main branches of the Y tree. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches; sub-branches are indented. Age is how many years ago the branch's common ancestor lived (TMRCA).

6,434 · 65.9% 28k years

R1b-M269

5,900 · 60.5% 6,500 years

L51

5,542 · 56.8% 6,100 years

P312

3,164 · 32.4% 4,900 years

L21

1,866 · 19.1% 4,700 years

DF13

1,548 · 15.9% 4,600 years

Z39589

728 · 7.5% 4,500 years

DF27

607 · 6.2% 4,700 years

Z195

312 · 3.2% 4,600 years

U152

451 · 4.6% 4,700 years

312 · 3.2% 4,600 years

U106

1,716 · 17.6% 5,000 years

L48

788 · 8.1% 4,500 years

506 · 5.2% 4,200 years

Z156

237 · 2.4% 4,600 years

R1a-M198

385 · 3.9% 8,500 years

2,318 · 23.8% 35k years

1,450 · 14.9% 20k years

DF29

898 · 9.2% 4,500 years

Z58

449 · 4.6% 4,500 years

Z59

322 · 3.3% 4,300 years

L22

260 · 2.7% 3,900 years

797 · 8.2% 25k years

I2b

489 · 5.0% 17k years

CTS616

349 · 3.6% 13k years

294 · 3.0% 52k years

E1b1b-M35

246 · 2.5% 25k years

285 · 2.9% 30k years

278 · 2.8% 28k years

G2a

219 · 2.2% 19k years

other

148 · 1.5%

Among the rest: T 59, Q 47, H 17, F 8, N 6, L 5, A 2, O 2, B 1, C 1.

Maternal line · mtDNA

4,471 kits · 30 branches

Main mt-tree branches grouped by letter, sub-branches indented. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Age is how many years ago the branch's common foremother lived, from FTDNA data where available.

2,001 · 44.8% 11k years

730 · 16.3% 7,900 years

H1-T16189C!

153 · 3.4%

H1c

126 · 2.8% 5,300 years

251 · 5.6% 6,700 years

167 · 3.7% 8,400 years

H5a

113 · 2.5% 7,700 years

H2a

121 · 2.7% 8,000 years

H6a1

98 · 2.2% 7,900 years

615 · 13.8% 51k years

U5a'b

390 · 8.7% 30k years

U5b

196 · 4.4% 25k years

U5b2

121 · 2.7% 19k years

U5a

194 · 4.3% 21k years

U5a1

141 · 3.2% 13k years

U2'3'4'7'8'9

211 · 4.7% 50k years

120 · 2.7% 22k years

452 · 10.1% 35k years

367 · 8.2% 28k years

J1c

312 · 7.0% 13k years

436 · 9.8% 20k years

335 · 7.5% 15k years

T2b

214 · 4.8% 8,500 years

T1a

101 · 2.3% 13k years

384 · 8.6% 29k years

314 · 7.0% 23k years

K1a

217 · 4.9% 11k years

K1a4

98 · 2.2% 11k years

141 · 3.2% 17k years

141 · 3.2% 7,500 years

other

301 · 6.7%

Among the rest: HV 80, W 78, X 67, L 22, M 12, A 11, R 11, N 10, B 5, D 2, C 1, E 1, G 1.

Migration paths of the characteristic branches #

Paths of the region's main characteristic branches, as modelled by FamilyTreeDNA Discover, on one calendar clock: in each year a branch stands where its ancestral line was. Grey is a stretch of path shared by several branches; the large marker is the branch itself.

Show the mapHide the map The map unfolds by itself as you scroll down to it.

Loading the map…

H66a · 0%
Shared trunk
Territory: United Kingdom
Dotted: ftdnastat's estimate

The time scale is logarithmic: the closer to the present, the longer a year takes.

The same branches are in the tree on this page.

United Kingdom: Y-DNA #

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

2–15%16–22%23–40%41–62%63–98%United Kingdomunder 100 kits

All 112 countries and regions by similarity

United Kingdom: mtDNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

H66a: 11 kits · 0.2% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×3.3)

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

0–28%29–50%51–72%73–85%86–97%United Kingdomunder 100 kits

All 71 countries and regions by similarity

YFull

The same country on YFull #

The same country at the second company, YFull. Its samples are placed on the FTDNA tree by shared mutations, so the branches are comparable. FTDNA share on the left, YFull on the right, then the difference in percentage points. Republics and other sub-regions are taken out of the country, as at FTDNA. Starred branches are nearly empty at YFull: every test there is whole-genome and reaches the fine branches. Only YFull customers (YF number) are counted, no ancient DNA. YFull data of 2026-11-02. The tree shows only its top three levels.

Y-DNA

9,757

FTDNA

kits

235

YFull

samples

FTDNAYFull

FTDNA · YFull · Δ

R R-M207

65.9% · 46.8%−19.1

R1b-M269 R-M269

60.5% · 39.6%−20.9

L51 R-L51

56.8% · 39.6%−17.2

R1a-M198 R-M198

3.9% · 5.5%+1.6

I I-L758

23.8% · 41.3%+17.5

I1 I-M253

14.9% · 26.8%+11.9

DF29 I-DF29

9.2% · 26.8%+17.6

I2 I-P215

8.2% · 14.5%+6.3

I2b I-M223

5.0% · 6.8%+1.8

E E-M96

3.0% · 5.1%+2.1

E1b1b-M35 E-M35

2.5% · 3.0%+0.5

J J-M304

2.9% · 1.3%−1.6

G G-M201

2.8% · 3.8%+1

G2a G-P15

2.2% · 3.4%+1.2

mtDNA

4,471

FTDNA

kits

YFull

samples

FTDNAYFull

FTDNA · YFull · Δ

44.8% · 43.8%−1

16.3% · 10.4%−5.9

H1-T16189C!

3.4% · 0.0%−3.4

H1c

2.8% · 0.0%−2.8

5.6% · 12.5%+6.9

3.7% · 4.2%+0.4

H5a

2.5% · 2.1%−0.4

H2a

2.7% · 2.1%−0.6

H6a1

2.2% · 2.1%−0.1

13.8% · 8.3%−5.4

U5a'b

8.7% · 2.1%−6.6

U5b

4.4% · 2.1%−2.3

U5a

4.3% · 0.0%−4.3

U2'3'4'7'8'9

4.7% · 6.3%+1.5

2.7% · 0.0%−2.7

10.1% · 10.4%+0.3

8.2% · 8.3%+0.1

J1c

7.0% · 6.3%−0.7

9.8% · 2.1%−7.7

7.5% · 2.1%−5.4

T2b

4.8% · 2.1%−2.7

T1a

2.3% · 0.0%−2.3

8.6% · 4.2%−4.4

7.0% · 4.2%−2.9

K1a

4.9% · 4.2%−0.7

3.2% · 8.3%+5.2

The same country on the project maps

In the FTDNA geographic projects a member puts the place of their paternal or maternal ancestor on the map. Here those points are set against the public tree: solid bar the tree, hatched bar the points on the maps, copy of 2026-10-20. A person in several projects counts once. Branches as in the tree above: each counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches.

Y-DNA FTDNA 9,757 · Projects 2,673

FTDNAProjects

FTDNA · Projects · Δ

R R-M207

65.9% · 74.3%+8.4

R1b-M269 R-M269

60.5% · 69.9%+9.5

L51 R-L51

56.8% · 53.6%−3.2

P312 R-P312

32.4% · 40.1%+7.6

L21 R-L21

19.1% · 30.1%+11

DF13 R-DF13

15.9% · 27.9%+12

Z39589 R-Z39589

7.5% · 15.5%+8.1

DF27 R-DF27

6.2% · 4.7%−1.5

U106 R-U106

17.6% · 10.1%−7.5

L48 R-L48

8.1% · 4.6%−3.5

I I-L758

23.8% · 18.3%−5.5

I1 I-M253

14.9% · 9.5%−5.3

DF29 I-DF29

9.2% · 6.6%−2.6

I2 I-P215

8.2% · 7.3%−0.8

mtDNA FTDNA 4,471 · Projects 1,014

FTDNAProjects

FTDNA · Projects · Δ

44.8% · 46.2%+1.4

16.3% · 15.0%−1.3

5.6% · 3.4%−2.3

13.8% · 12.0%−1.7

U5a'b

8.7% · 5.5%−3.2

10.1% · 10.4%+0.2

8.2% · 8.3%+0.1

J1c

7.0% · 6.7%−0.3

9.8% · 9.6%−0.2

7.5% · 7.4%−0.1

T2b

4.8% · 3.5%−1.3

8.6% · 8.3%−0.3

7.0% · 5.5%−1.5

K1a

4.9% · 2.8%−2.1

2,746

Y-DNA · People on the map

2,673 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 2,715 such votes

79%

Y-DNA · SNP-confirmed

that many have the branch confirmed by an SNP test, the rest predicted from STRs

1,014

mtDNA · People on the map

1,014 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 1,010 such votes

72%

agreement with YFull · Y

how closely the Y tree branches match between FTDNA and YFull, each branch counted without its sub-branches. 100% is identical, below 80% is visibly different.

R-M269 −20.9

gap to YFull · Y

the Y branch whose share differs most between the two companies: FTDNA 60.5%, YFull 39.6%

21% / 20%

reached the finest branch: YFull / FTDNA

share of YFull samples and FTDNA kits that reached the finest branch of the FTDNA tree. On average a YFull sample sits 38.5 branchings from the root, an FTDNA kit 34.4

20%

Y-DNA · on leaves

share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.

35%

Big Y

rough share of kits with a Big Y test, a full read of the Y chromosome. It is estimated from the branches where the region's kits sit, so it is an estimate, not a count.

42%

mtDNA · on leaves

share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.

0.46

mt to Y

mtDNA kits per one Y-DNA kit. Below 0.3 means the country tests almost only the paternal line.

New this month #

FTDNA: how much the kit count grew between the tree copies of 2026-10-09 and 2026-11-12. A kit that moved to a new sub-branch after refinement is not counted as new. YFull: samples YFull itself marks as new, in the copy of 2026-11-02; YFull drops the mark after a few weeks.

+32

Y-DNA, FTDNA

new kits, 2026-10-09 → 2026-11-12

+15

mtDNA, FTDNA

new kits, 2026-10-12 → 2026-11-11

Y-DNA, YFull

new samples as of 2026-11-02

Y-DNA: branches that grew

R-Z205: +3
I-CTS6433*: +2
I-S2364*: +2
R-M417* R1a-M417: +2
R-P312* R1b-P312: +2
R-S5668: +2
R-Z346: +2
R-Z367*: +2
E-S2979: +1
G-L1259* G2a-L1259: +1
G-Z6779: +1
G-Z726: +1
G-Z727*: +1
I-S2293: +1
I-Z141*: +1
R-CTS4179: +1
R-DF105*: +1
R-DF13* R1b-DF13: +1
R-DF49*: +1
R-FTT8*: +1
R-L1065*: +1
R-L48* R1b-L48: +1
R-L513*: +1
R-M12149* R1b-Z2103 (M12149): +1
R-S5301*: +1
R-S673: +1
R-YP237: +1
R-Z159: +1
R-Z253* R1b-Z253: +1
R-Z255: +1
and 12 more

mtDNA: branches that grew

U5a: +3
H4a: +2
J1c: +2
K1a: +2
H17a: +1
H1a: +1
H1g: +1
H3: +1
H31: +1
I2: +1
R1a: +1
T1a: +1
T2b: +1
U4a: +1
V2: +1
W5a: +1

New Y-DNA samples in YFull

R-MF61197 · English

YFull

Peoples and languages on YFull #

Native language reported by YFull customers from this country. People from regions with a page of their own (republics, autonomies) are shown there. These are the testers' own answers, not a census.

English 15 / 7

YFull

Recent kin across borders #

Shared young paternal branches: YFull customers from this country and from the partner country have a common paternal-line ancestor no older than 500 years. The comparison accounts for how linked a country is abroad overall: shown are partners with more shared branches than its general openness would give. It reflects recent migration and shared ancestry, not ethnicity.

Recent kin across borders
Country	shared branches	expected	×	chance?
United States	70	17.5	4.0	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Ireland	24	5.9	4.1	unlikely by chance p < 0.001

Ancient relatives of male lines #

Which cultures of the Copper Age and Early Bronze Age (4000–2000 BCE) the local male lines lead to most closely. The share is how many kits lead to a culture; the range is in brackets.

CulturesBranches

Left: the major branches through which the lines lead to a culture; right: all major branches. Grey: the part of a branch without ancient relatives of this era.

Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavianshared branches: R-P310, I-S63, R-M41783%(66%–88%)
No close ancient relativesalso cultures under 3% and kits with shallow tests17%

How it is counted

Branches of the era. We take the ancient samples whose date falls inside the era, and compare the lines as they stood 1,500 years before the era ends.
A culture’s profile is the share of its lines on those branches. The number of samples does not change a weight: a culture of seven men weighs as much as one of a hundred and twenty.
A shallow test. An ancient man typed above the cut is spread over the branches under his node, by how many men each holds now. Today’s kits are treated the same way.
Who is admitted. A culture takes part when its sharply typed men cover 25% of the population on their own: branch by branch we add the smaller of the two shares, the culture’s and the population’s. One dug within 550 km needs only 0.5%.
The shares. We pick the weights of the cultures so that their mixture comes as close as it can to today’s set of branches.
Look-alike cultures. When cultures share almost all their branches, the data cannot say whose kin the men are. So we do not split the share between them: they get one bar.
The range. We recount everything on random subsets of the samples. In brackets are the bounds the share keeps in nine runs out of ten. A share that can fall below 5%, or below half of itself, is not shown at all.

What it does not mean. This is kinship of male lines, not the origin of a people. The female lines say nothing here. Who takes a test is a matter of chance, so the shares compare between countries, not with a census.

Ancient samples

From excavations on this territory: 10 samples by Y-DNA and 145 samples by mtDNA. The oldest: 4,146 BCE, K1b1a1.

Viking Age British 4 · Medieval British 3 · Iron Age British 2 · Early Modern British 1

All ancient samples →

Data on this page: FamilyTreeDNA Y tree, 12 November 2026: 9,757 kits; FamilyTreeDNA mtDNA tree, 11 November 2026: 4,471 kits; YFull Y tree, 2 November 2026: 235 samples; YFull mtDNA tree, 2 November 2026: 48 samples.

How to cite: ftdnastat, "United Kingdom: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups", https://ftdnastat.github.io/en/c/united-kingdom/, data of 2026-11-14, build 20261114-18dba71.

The data is licensed under CC BY 4.0: take it, rework it, just credit ftdnastat.