England: haplogroups

Name: England: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups
Creator: ftdnastat
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FamilyTreeDNA has 27,817 kits with a Y-DNA result and 12,386 kits with mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). On the paternal line the most common are R1b-L51 — 56%, I1 — 15% and I2 — 8%. On the maternal line the most common are H — 44%, U — 13% and T2 — 8%. YFull has 1,939 samples for Y from the same area, and its mix of major branches is broadly the same. The largest gap is I1-DF29: 9% on FTDNA against 19% on YFull.

Compare with…

99.7

Y-DNA · kits per 100,000 men

rank 10 of 123 among countries. About 28 million men (Wikidata, 2022). A kit's country is the ancestor's homeland, not where the tester lives

21.8

mtDNA · kits per 100,000 people

rank 9 of 93 among countries. About 57 million people (Wikidata, 2022)

Paternal line · Y-DNA

27,817 kits · 30 branches

Main branches of the Y tree. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches; sub-branches are indented. Age is how many years ago the branch's common ancestor lived (TMRCA).

18,026 · 64.8% 28k years

R1b-L51

15,705 · 56.5% 6,100 years

P312

8,187 · 29.4% 4,900 years

L21

4,152 · 14.9% 4,700 years

DF13

3,412 · 12.3% 4,600 years

Z39589

1,537 · 5.5% 4,500 years

DF27

1,968 · 7.1% 4,700 years

Z195

1,175 · 4.2% 4,600 years

U152

1,516 · 5.4% 4,700 years

1,039 · 3.7% 4,600 years

U106

5,598 · 20.1% 5,000 years

L48

2,543 · 9.1% 4,500 years

1,695 · 6.1% 4,200 years

Z156

803 · 2.9% 4,600 years

Z306

673 · 2.4% 4,400 years

R1a-M198

1,110 · 4.0% 8,500 years

6,800 · 24.4% 35k years

4,282 · 15.4% 20k years

DF29

2,599 · 9.3% 4,500 years

Z58

1,324 · 4.8% 4,500 years

Z59

1,001 · 3.6% 4,300 years

L22

667 · 2.4% 3,900 years

2,325 · 8.4% 25k years

I2b

1,362 · 4.9% 17k years

CTS616

968 · 3.5% 13k years

945 · 3.4% 52k years

E1b1b-M35

819 · 2.9% 25k years

845 · 3.0% 30k years

682 · 2.5% 28k years

798 · 2.9% 28k years

other

403 · 1.4%

Among the rest: Q 134, T 112, N 40, H 37, F 26, L 16, A 15, C 14, O 8, K 1.

Maternal line · mtDNA

12,386 kits · 30 branches

Main mt-tree branches grouped by letter, sub-branches indented. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Age is how many years ago the branch's common foremother lived, from FTDNA data where available.

5,492 · 44.3% 11k years

2,048 · 16.5% 7,900 years

H1-T16189C!

378 · 3.1%

H1c

366 · 3.0% 5,300 years

H1a

304 · 2.5% 4,800 years

651 · 5.3% 6,700 years

473 · 3.8% 8,400 years

H5a

311 · 2.5% 7,700 years

308 · 2.5% 11k years

H6a1

286 · 2.3% 7,900 years

H2a

304 · 2.5% 8,000 years

1,618 · 13.1% 51k years

U5a'b

1,056 · 8.5% 30k years

U5a

573 · 4.6% 21k years

U5a1

437 · 3.5% 13k years

U5b

483 · 3.9% 25k years

U5b2

286 · 2.3% 19k years

U2'3'4'7'8'9

516 · 4.2% 50k years

1,315 · 10.6% 20k years

1,043 · 8.4% 15k years

T2b

667 · 5.4% 8,500 years

T1a

271 · 2.2% 13k years

1,260 · 10.2% 35k years

1,011 · 8.2% 28k years

J1c

877 · 7.1% 13k years

1,093 · 8.8% 29k years

869 · 7.0% 23k years

K1a

609 · 4.9% 11k years

415 · 3.4% 7,500 years

358 · 2.9% 17k years

other

835 · 6.7%

Among the rest: HV 239, W 227, X 191, N 48, L 36, R 27, A 23, M 22, B 10, C 7, D 3, G 1, S 1.

Migration paths of the characteristic branches #

Paths of the region's main characteristic branches, as modelled by FamilyTreeDNA Discover, on one calendar clock: in each year a branch stands where its ancestral line was. Grey is a stretch of path shared by several branches; the large marker is the branch itself.

Show the mapHide the map The map unfolds by itself as you scroll down to it.

Loading the map…

R-S1690 · 2%
Shared trunk
Territory: England

The time scale is logarithmic: the closer to the present, the longer a year takes.

The same branches are in the tree on this page.

England: Y-DNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

R-U198: 616 kits · 2.2% (95% confidence interval: 2–2%) (×3.1) 3,800 years
R-S1690: 551 kits · 2.0% (95% confidence interval: 2–2%) (×3.1) 3,600 years

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

3–15%16–22%23–38%39–62%63–98%Englandunder 100 kits

All 111 countries and regions by similarity

England: mtDNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

H83: 14 kits · 0.1% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×4.4)
H3n: 10 kits · 0.1% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×5.0)
A12a: 10 kits · 0.1% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×3.9)
H47a: 13 kits · 0.1% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×3.1)

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

0–28%29–51%52–73%74–86%87–97%Englandunder 100 kits

All 71 countries and regions by similarity

YFull

The same country on YFull #

The same country at the second company, YFull. Its samples are placed on the FTDNA tree by shared mutations, so the branches are comparable. FTDNA share on the left, YFull on the right, then the difference in percentage points. Republics and other sub-regions are taken out of the country, as at FTDNA. Starred branches are nearly empty at YFull: every test there is whole-genome and reaches the fine branches. Only YFull customers (YF number) are counted, no ancient DNA. YFull data of 2026-11-02. The tree shows only its top three levels.

Y-DNA

27,817

FTDNA

kits

1,939

YFull

samples

FTDNAYFull

FTDNA · YFull · Δ

R R-M207

64.8% · 55.7%−9.1

R1b-L51 R-L51

56.5% · 47.5%−9

P312 R-P312

29.4% · 32.1%+2.7

U106 R-U106

20.1% · 13.8%−6.4

R1a-M198 R-M198

4.0% · 6.4%+2.5

I I-L758

24.4% · 29.9%+5.4

I1 I-M253

15.4% · 19.3%+3.9

DF29 I-DF29

9.3% · 18.9%+9.5

I2 I-P215

8.4% · 10.5%+2.2

I2b I-M223

4.9% · 5.8%+0.9

E E-M96

3.4% · 6.2%+2.8

E1b1b-M35 E-M35

2.9% · 5.1%+2.2

J J-M304

3.0% · 3.6%+0.5

J2 J-M172

2.5% · 3.1%+0.7

G G-M201

2.9% · 2.4%−0.5

mtDNA

12,386

FTDNA

kits

388

YFull

samples

FTDNAYFull

FTDNA · YFull · Δ

44.3% · 43.6%−0.8

16.5% · 18.3%+1.8

H1-T16189C!

3.1% · 2.1%−1

H1c

3.0% · 5.9%+3

H1a

2.5% · 2.3%−0.1

5.3% · 3.9%−1.4

3.8% · 4.9%+1.1

H5a

2.5% · 2.6%+0.1

2.5% · 0.8%−1.7

H6a1

2.3% · 0.8%−1.5

H2a

2.5% · 1.8%−0.7

13.1% · 14.2%+1.1

U5a'b

8.5% · 9.8%+1.3

U5a

4.6% · 4.1%−0.5

U5b

3.9% · 5.7%+1.8

U2'3'4'7'8'9

4.2% · 4.1%0

10.6% · 9.0%−1.6

8.4% · 6.4%−2

T2b

5.4% · 3.6%−1.8

T1a

2.2% · 2.6%+0.4

10.2% · 10.1%−0.1

8.2% · 8.2%+0.1

J1c

7.1% · 5.9%−1.2

8.8% · 9.3%+0.5

7.0% · 7.7%+0.7

K1a

4.9% · 4.6%−0.3

3.4% · 2.8%−0.5

2.9% · 3.1%+0.2

The same country on the project maps

In the FTDNA geographic projects a member puts the place of their paternal or maternal ancestor on the map. Here those points are set against the public tree: solid bar the tree, hatched bar the points on the maps, copy of 2026-10-20. A person in several projects counts once. Branches as in the tree above: each counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Regions with a page of their own are not included here: they are counted apart.

Y-DNA FTDNA 27,817 · Projects 5,874

FTDNAProjects

FTDNA · Projects · Δ

R R-M207

64.8% · 66.6%+1.8

R1b-L51 R-L51

56.5% · 47.3%−9.1

P312 R-P312

29.4% · 26.4%−3.1

L21 R-L21

14.9% · 13.8%−1.2

DF13 R-DF13

12.3% · 12.1%−0.1

Z39589 R-Z39589

5.5% · 5.6%+0.1

DF27 R-DF27

7.1% · 6.0%−1.1

U106 R-U106

20.1% · 17.6%−2.5

L48 R-L48

9.1% · 8.2%−0.9

Z9 R-Z9

6.1% · 5.2%−0.9

I I-L758

24.4% · 22.8%−1.7

I1 I-M253

15.4% · 12.8%−2.6

DF29 I-DF29

9.3% · 9.7%+0.3

I2 I-P215

8.4% · 7.6%−0.7

mtDNA FTDNA 12,386 · Projects 2,557

FTDNAProjects

FTDNA · Projects · Δ

44.3% · 42.3%−2.1

16.5% · 12.8%−3.7

5.3% · 4.4%−0.9

13.1% · 13.9%+0.8

U5a'b

8.5% · 7.6%−0.9

10.6% · 10.6%0

8.4% · 8.0%−0.4

T2b

5.4% · 4.7%−0.7

10.2% · 9.9%−0.2

8.2% · 7.0%−1.2

J1c

7.1% · 5.6%−1.5

8.8% · 9.2%+0.4

7.0% · 6.2%−0.8

K1a

4.9% · 4.5%−0.4

6,083

Y-DNA · People on the map

5,874 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 5,970 such votes

79%

Y-DNA · SNP-confirmed

that many have the branch confirmed by an SNP test, the rest predicted from STRs

2,558

mtDNA · People on the map

2,557 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 2,545 such votes

83%

agreement with YFull · Y

how closely the Y tree branches match between FTDNA and YFull, each branch counted without its sub-branches. 100% is identical, below 80% is visibly different.

I-DF29 +9.5

gap to YFull · Y

the Y branch whose share differs most between the two companies: FTDNA 9.3%, YFull 18.9%

29% / 22%

reached the finest branch: YFull / FTDNA

share of YFull samples and FTDNA kits that reached the finest branch of the FTDNA tree. On average a YFull sample sits 38.9 branchings from the root, an FTDNA kit 34.5

22%

Y-DNA · on leaves

share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.

37%

Big Y

rough share of kits with a Big Y test, a full read of the Y chromosome. It is estimated from the branches where the region's kits sit, so it is an estimate, not a count.

41%

mtDNA · on leaves

share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.

0.45

mt to Y

mtDNA kits per one Y-DNA kit. Below 0.3 means the country tests almost only the paternal line.

New this month #

FTDNA: how much the kit count grew between the tree copies of 2026-10-09 and 2026-11-12. A kit that moved to a new sub-branch after refinement is not counted as new. YFull: samples YFull itself marks as new, in the copy of 2026-11-02; YFull drops the mark after a few weeks.

+41

Y-DNA, FTDNA

new kits, 2026-10-09 → 2026-11-12

+40

mtDNA, FTDNA

new kits, 2026-10-12 → 2026-11-11

Y-DNA, YFull

new samples as of 2026-11-02

mtDNA, YFull

new samples as of 2026-11-02

Y-DNA: branches that grew

I-Z2040: +3
R-DF96: +3
R-Z251: +3
I-BY151*: +2
I-CTS595: +2
I-S2293: +2
R-DF25: +2
R-FTT1*: +2
R-Z159: +2
R-Z31*: +2
R-Z367*: +2
R-Z372: +2
R-ZZ5_1*: +2
A-PR2921* A (tree root): +1
E-S2979: +1
E-Z5018*: +1
G-L1259* G2a-L1259: +1
I-CTS6364*: +1
I-CTS6433*: +1
I-DF29* I1-DF29: +1
I-L38 I2-L38: +1
I-S7660: +1
J-L26* J2a-L26: +1
J-Z2217*: +1
R-BY12480*: +1
R-CTS4179: +1
R-CTS7822 R1b-Z2110: +1
R-DF19* R1b-DF19: +1
R-DF21* R1b-DF21: +1
R-DF49*: +1
and 21 more

mtDNA: branches that grew

T2b: +3
T2f: +3
U5a: +3
H1: +2
H1b: +2
H1c: +2
J1c: +2
K2a: +2
U5b: +2
H11a: +1
H13a: +1
H17: +1
H1g: +1
H1i: +1
H1o: +1
H3a: +1
H3g: +1
H48: +1
H4a: +1
H56: +1
H5a: +1
H7d: +1
HV6: +1
HV9: +1
I1a: +1
J2a: +1
U4b: +1
U7b: +1
V: +1
V2c: +1
and 2 more

New Y-DNA samples in YFull

R-FTG22238 ×2
G-FT421476
I-Y6877 · English
R-A8062
R-FGC14814 · ancient
R-FTF68305
R-Z2572

New mtDNA samples in YFull

J1b1a1-a · ancient

Subregions #

Each bar is all the kits of one place; a colour is a group of haplogroups. The “England” line holds kits that name only the country, without a region. A faded line has fewer than 20 kits; its shares are unreliable.

Y-DNA

R1b-P312R-Z381rest of RI1-DF29I-L460rest of IEother

England no region 27,817

Cornish 202

mtDNA

H1H3H2rest of HU5brest of UJTKother

England no region 12,386

Cornish 82

YFull

Peoples and languages on YFull #

Native language reported by YFull customers from this country. People from regions with a page of their own (republics, autonomies) are shown there. These are the testers' own answers, not a census.

English 181 / 67

YFull

Recent kin across borders #

Shared young paternal branches: YFull customers from this country and from the partner country have a common paternal-line ancestor no older than 500 years. The comparison accounts for how linked a country is abroad overall: shown are partners with more shared branches than its general openness would give. It reflects recent migration and shared ancestry, not ethnicity.

Recent kin across borders
Country	shared branches	expected	×	chance?
United States	72	14.7	4.9	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Ireland	12	5.0	2.4	unlikely by chance p = 0.004

YFull

Paternal and maternal lines together #

Members of this people with both lines known on YFull. For each “Y branch × mt branch” combination, how many times it occurred and how many would be expected if the two lines had nothing to do with each other. Y and mt pairs → n=276

Notably above chance

Y × mt: line combinations · Notably above chance
Y	mt	pairs	expected by chance	×	chance?
R1b-Z2534	H1e	5	0.1	46.00	unlikely by chance p < 0.001

Most frequent combinations

Y × mt: line combinations · Most frequent combinations
Y	mt	pairs	expected by chance	×	chance?
R1b-Z2534	H1e	5	0.1	46.00	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
I1-Z59	X2b	4	0.4	11.04	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
R1a-M417	H13a	4	0.1	30.67	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
R1b-Z304	H7f	4	0.3	12.27	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
I1-DF29	HV1a	3	0.0	69.00	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
I1-Z59	H1c	3	1.3	2.37	could be chance p = 0.122
I1-Z59	T2b	3	1.3	2.37	could be chance p = 0.122
I2b-CTS616	J1c	3	1.1	2.72	could be chance p = 0.087

Ancient relatives of male lines #

Which cultures of the Copper Age and Early Bronze Age (4000–2000 BCE) the local male lines lead to most closely. The share is how many kits lead to a culture; the range is in brackets.

CulturesBranches

Left: the major branches through which the lines lead to a culture; right: all major branches. Grey: the part of a branch without ancient relatives of this era.

Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavianshared branches: R-P310, I-S63, R-M41783%(65%–87%)
No close ancient relativesalso cultures under 3% and kits with shallow tests17%

How it is counted

Branches of the era. We take the ancient samples whose date falls inside the era, and compare the lines as they stood 1,500 years before the era ends.
A culture’s profile is the share of its lines on those branches. The number of samples does not change a weight: a culture of seven men weighs as much as one of a hundred and twenty.
A shallow test. An ancient man typed above the cut is spread over the branches under his node, by how many men each holds now. Today’s kits are treated the same way.
Who is admitted. A culture takes part when its sharply typed men cover 25% of the population on their own: branch by branch we add the smaller of the two shares, the culture’s and the population’s. One dug within 550 km needs only 0.5%.
The shares. We pick the weights of the cultures so that their mixture comes as close as it can to today’s set of branches.
Look-alike cultures. When cultures share almost all their branches, the data cannot say whose kin the men are. So we do not split the share between them: they get one bar.
The range. We recount everything on random subsets of the samples. In brackets are the bounds the share keeps in nine runs out of ten. A share that can fall below 5%, or below half of itself, is not shown at all.

What it does not mean. This is kinship of male lines, not the origin of a people. The female lines say nothing here. Who takes a test is a matter of chance, so the shares compare between countries, not with a census.

Ancient samples

From excavations on this territory: 766 samples by Y-DNA and 214 samples by mtDNA. The oldest: 5,396 BCE, H11a.

Arras culture 226 · Medieval British 183 · Iron Age British 135 · Neolithic British Isles 53 · Bronze Age British Isles 47

All ancient samples →

Data on this page: FamilyTreeDNA Y tree, 12 November 2026: 27,817 kits; FamilyTreeDNA mtDNA tree, 11 November 2026: 12,386 kits; YFull Y tree, 2 November 2026: 1,939 samples; YFull mtDNA tree, 2 November 2026: 388 samples.

How to cite: ftdnastat, "England: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups", https://ftdnastat.github.io/en/c/england/, data of 2026-11-14, build 20261114-18dba71.

The data is licensed under CC BY 4.0: take it, rework it, just credit ftdnastat.