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Canada: haplogroups

FamilyTreeDNA has 1,661 kits with a Y-DNA result and 2,121 kits with mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). On the paternal line the most common are R1b-L51 — 64%, I1-DF29 — 8% and I2 — 7%. On the maternal line the most common are H — 43%, U — 11% and T2 — 7%. YFull has 147 samples for Y from the same area, and its mix of major branches is noticeably different. The largest gap is R: 71% on FTDNA against 46% on YFull.

Compare with…
8.8
Y-DNA · kits per 100,000 men
rank 65 of 123 among countries. About 20 million men (UN, 2023). A kit's country is the ancestor's homeland, not where the tester lives
5.7
mtDNA · kits per 100,000 people
rank 34 of 93 among countries. About 39 million people (UN, 2023)

Paternal line · Y-DNA

1,661 kits · 30 branches
Main branches of the Y tree. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches; sub-branches are indented. Age is how many years ago the branch's common ancestor lived (TMRCA).
R
1,180 · 71.0% 28k years
R1b-L23
1,086 · 65.4% 6,400 years
L51
1,066 · 64.2% 6,100 years
P312
731 · 44.0% 4,900 years
L21
424 · 25.5% 4,700 years
DF13
367 · 22.1% 4,600 years
Z39589
174 · 10.5% 4,500 years
M222
61 · 3.7% 2,100 years
Z253
62 · 3.7% 4,500 years
DF27
159 · 9.6% 4,700 years
Z195
110 · 6.6% 4,600 years
U152
111 · 6.7% 4,700 years
L2
87 · 5.2% 4,600 years
U106
207 · 12.5% 5,000 years
L48
89 · 5.4% 4,500 years
Z9
52 · 3.1% 4,200 years
Z156
48 · 2.9% 4,600 years
R1a-M198
80 · 4.8% 8,500 years
Z282
50 · 3.0% 4,800 years
I
260 · 15.7% 35k years
I1
149 · 9.0% 20k years
DF29
125 · 7.5% 4,500 years
Z58
59 · 3.6% 4,500 years
I2
110 · 6.6% 25k years
I2b
58 · 3.5% 17k years
CTS616
51 · 3.1% 13k years
E
77 · 4.6% 52k years
E1b1b-M35
56 · 3.4% 25k years
J
66 · 4.0% 30k years
J2
56 · 3.4% 28k years
other
78 · 4.7%

Among the rest: G 31, C 22, Q 11, T 6, N 4, K 1, D 1, H 1, O 1.

Maternal line · mtDNA

2,121 kits · 30 branches
Main mt-tree branches grouped by letter, sub-branches indented. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Age is how many years ago the branch's common foremother lived, from FTDNA data where available.
H
914 · 43.1% 11k years
H1
319 · 15.0% 7,900 years
H1-T16189C!
59 · 2.8%
H1c
58 · 2.7% 5,300 years
H3
106 · 5.0% 6,700 years
H5
77 · 3.6% 8,400 years
H5a
53 · 2.5% 7,700 years
H2
54 · 2.5% 9,300 years
U
243 · 11.5% 51k years
U5a'b
142 · 6.7% 30k years
U5a
86 · 4.1% 21k years
U5a1
63 · 3.0% 13k years
U5b
56 · 2.6% 25k years
U2'3'4'7'8'9
73 · 3.4% 50k years
T
186 · 8.8% 20k years
T2
149 · 7.0% 15k years
T2b
92 · 4.3% 8,500 years
J
154 · 7.3% 35k years
J1
117 · 5.5% 28k years
J1c
89 · 4.2% 13k years
K
141 · 6.6% 29k years
K1
110 · 5.2% 23k years
K1a
85 · 4.0% 11k years
A
89 · 4.2% 20k years
A2
79 · 3.7% 17k years
V
71 · 3.3% 7,500 years
HV
65 · 3.1% 13k years
X2-G225A
59 · 2.8%
I
56 · 2.6% 17k years
W
49 · 2.3% 12k years
other
94 · 4.4%

Among the rest: C 46, D 18, B 14, L 6, M 6, N 4.

Migration paths of the characteristic branches #

Paths of the region's main characteristic branches, as modelled by FamilyTreeDNA Discover, on one calendar clock: in each year a branch stands where its ancestral line was. Grey is a stretch of path shared by several branches; the large marker is the branch itself. Above the map you can pick the paternal line (Y-DNA) or the maternal one (mtDNA).

Show the mapHide the map The map unfolds by itself as you scroll down to it.

Loading the map…

The time scale is logarithmic: the closer to the present, the longer a year takes.

The same branches are in the tree on this page.

Canada: Y-DNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

  • R-S744: 46 kits · 2.8% (95% confidence interval: 2–4%) (×4.1) 1,600 years
  • R-L1065: 52 kits · 3.1% (95% confidence interval: 2–4%) (×3.4) 1,800 years
  • C-M217 C2: 22 kits · 1.3% (95% confidence interval: 1–2%) (×3.1) 34k years

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

3–13%14–20%21–39%40–59%60–92%Canadaunder 100 kits
All 112 countries and regions by similarity
  1. United States 92%
  2. United Kingdom 88%
  3. England 87%
  4. Scotland 86%
  5. France 84%
  6. Northern Ireland 81%
  7. Ireland 80%
  8. Wales 80%
  9. Australia 78%
  10. Germany 76%
  11. Netherlands 75%
  12. Belgium 75%
  13. Denmark 71%
  14. Switzerland 71%
  15. England (Cornish) 69%
  16. United States (Native American) 67%
  17. Portugal 65%
  18. Spain 63%
  19. Brazil 63%
  20. Italy 60%
  21. New Zealand 59%
  22. Puerto Rico 59%
  23. Norway 59%
  24. Austria 58%
  25. Luxembourg 58%
  26. Sweden 57%
  27. Czech Republic 56%
  28. South Africa 56%
  29. Cuba 55%
  30. Mexico 54%
  31. Colombia 54%
  32. Hungary 53%
  33. Poland 50%
  34. Chile 46%
  35. Jamaica 46%
  36. Slovakia 46%
  37. Argentina 45%
  38. Dominican Republic 44%
  39. Slovenia 43%
  40. Romania 43%
  41. Greece 41%
  42. Ukraine 41%
  43. Isle of Man 40%
  44. Russia 40%
  45. Bulgaria 39%
  46. Italy (Sicily) 38%
  47. Lithuania 35%
  48. Serbia 35%
  49. Belarus 35%
  50. Iceland 34%
  51. Latvia 34%
  52. Croatia 34%
  53. Peru 34%
  54. Macedonia 33%
  55. Moldova 29%
  56. Estonia 28%
  57. Albania 28%
  58. Turkey 28%
  59. Israel 27%
  60. Finland 24%
  61. Bosnia and Herzegovina 24%
  62. Lebanon 24%
  63. Armenia 23%
  64. Montenegro 23%
  65. Tatarstan 23%
  66. Azerbaijan 22%
  67. Iran 20%
  68. Morocco 20%
  69. Mordovia 20%
  70. Syria 20%
  71. Iraq 19%
  72. Bashkortostan 19%
  73. Kazakhstan 18%
  74. Egypt 18%
  75. Chuvashia 17%
  76. Algeria 17%
  77. Georgia 17%
  78. Palestine 17%
  79. Uzbekistan 16%
  80. Tunisia 16%
  81. Dagestan 15%
  82. Bahrain 15%
  83. India 15%
  84. Kuwait 14%
  85. United Arab Emirates 14%
  86. Saudi Arabia 14%
  87. Qatar 14%
  88. Libya 13%
  89. Adygea 13%
  90. Jordan 13%
  91. Afghanistan 13%
  92. Tajikistan 11%
  93. Philippines 11%
  94. Oman 11%
  95. Yemen 10%
  96. Pakistan 10%
  97. Mongolia 9%
  98. China 8%
  99. Sudan 8%
  100. Indonesia 8%
  101. Nigeria 7%
  102. Chechnya 7%
  103. Sri Lanka 6%
  104. South Korea 6%
  105. Karelia 6%
  106. Vietnam 6%
  107. Cameroon 5%
  108. Japan 5%
  109. Ghana 5%
  110. Orstkhoy (Aosta Valley in FTDNA) 4%
  111. Ingushetia 4%
  112. Somalia 3%

Canada: mtDNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

  • X2a: 28 kits · 1.3% (95% confidence interval: 1–2%) (×25.2)
  • A2f: 17 kits · 0.8% (95% confidence interval: 1–1%) (×17.5)
  • H44a: 14 kits · 0.7% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×12.6)
  • A2: 48 kits · 2.3% (95% confidence interval: 2–3%) (×6.6)
  • C4c: 10 kits · 0.5% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×10.6)
  • V16: 13 kits · 0.6% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×8.3)
  • D1: 17 kits · 0.8% (95% confidence interval: 1–1%) (×6.3)
  • H16: 19 kits · 0.9% (95% confidence interval: 1–1%) (×5.9)

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

1–31%32–52%53–68%69–79%80–89%Canadaunder 100 kits
All 70 countries and regions by similarity
  1. France 89%
  2. England 87%
  3. United States 86%
  4. Scotland 86%
  5. United Kingdom 86%
  6. Ireland 85%
  7. Germany 85%
  8. Norway 82%
  9. Netherlands 81%
  10. Sweden 81%
  11. Wales 79%
  12. Switzerland 79%
  13. Czech Republic 79%
  14. Northern Ireland 79%
  15. Denmark 79%
  16. Poland 78%
  17. Austria 77%
  18. Belgium 76%
  19. Hungary 75%
  20. Italy 75%
  21. Russia 74%
  22. Slovakia 74%
  23. Portugal 74%
  24. Spain 73%
  25. United States (Native American) 72%
  26. Ukraine 70%
  27. Australia 69%
  28. Slovenia 68%
  29. Estonia 67%
  30. Croatia 67%
  31. Romania 66%
  32. Finland 66%
  33. Serbia 66%
  34. Lithuania 65%
  35. Bulgaria 65%
  36. Greece 62%
  37. Latvia 61%
  38. Belarus 61%
  39. Bosnia and Herzegovina 60%
  40. Moldova 54%
  41. Algeria 54%
  42. Turkey 52%
  43. Morocco 48%
  44. Chechnya 48%
  45. Armenia 46%
  46. Cuba 45%
  47. Israel 44%
  48. New Zealand 44%
  49. Brazil 43%
  50. Syria 43%
  51. Lebanon 41%
  52. South Africa 36%
  53. Egypt 35%
  54. Iraq 35%
  55. Iran 32%
  56. Mexico 31%
  57. Argentina 31%
  58. Saudi Arabia 30%
  59. United Arab Emirates 27%
  60. Dominican Republic 26%
  61. Kuwait 25%
  62. Puerto Rico 24%
  63. India 19%
  64. Chile 15%
  65. Colombia 15%
  66. Jamaica 9%
  67. China 8%
  68. Japan 3%
  69. South Korea 1%
  70. Philippines 1%
YFull

The same country on YFull #

The same country at the second company, YFull. Its samples are placed on the FTDNA tree by shared mutations, so the branches are comparable. FTDNA share on the left, YFull on the right, then the difference in percentage points. Republics and other sub-regions are taken out of the country, as at FTDNA. Starred branches are nearly empty at YFull: every test there is whole-genome and reaches the fine branches. Only YFull customers (YF number) are counted, no ancient DNA. YFull data of 2026-11-02. The tree shows only its top three levels.

Y-DNA

1,661
FTDNA
kits
147
YFull
samples
FTDNAYFull
FTDNA · YFull · Δ
R R-M207
71.0% · 45.6%−25.5
R1b-L23 R-L23
65.4% · 40.1%−25.2
L51 R-L51
64.2% · 38.8%−25.4
R1a-M198 R-M198
4.8% · 5.4%+0.6
Z282 R-Z282
3.0% · 5.4%+2.4
I I-L758
15.7% · 29.9%+14.3
I1 I-M253
9.0% · 17.0%+8
DF29 I-DF29
7.5% · 17.0%+9.5
I2 I-P215
6.6% · 12.9%+6.3
I2b I-M223
3.5% · 7.5%+4
E E-M96
4.6% · 4.8%+0.1
E1b1b-M35 E-M35
3.4% · 3.4%0
J J-M304
4.0% · 8.8%+4.9
J2 J-M172
3.4% · 6.8%+3.4

mtDNA

2,121
FTDNA
kits
137
YFull
samples
FTDNAYFull
FTDNA · YFull · Δ
H
43.1% · 39.4%−3.7
H1
15.0% · 8.8%−6.3
H1-T16189C!
2.8% · 2.9%+0.1
H1c
2.7% · 0.7%−2
H3
5.0% · 9.5%+4.5
H5
3.6% · 2.9%−0.7
H5a
2.5% · 1.5%−1
H2
2.5% · 2.9%+0.4
U
11.5% · 13.9%+2.4
U5a'b
6.7% · 8.8%+2.1
U5a
4.1% · 4.4%+0.3
U5b
2.6% · 4.4%+1.7
U2'3'4'7'8'9
3.4% · 2.9%−0.5
T
8.8% · 10.2%+1.4
T2
7.0% · 8.0%+1
T2b
4.3% · 7.3%+3
J
7.3% · 8.0%+0.8
J1
5.5% · 6.6%+1.1
J1c
4.2% · 6.6%+2.4
K
6.6% · 5.1%−1.5
K1
5.2% · 3.6%−1.5
K1a
4.0% · 2.9%−1.1
A
4.2% · 3.6%−0.5
A2
3.7% · 2.2%−1.5
V
3.3% · 0.7%−2.6
HV
3.1% · 0.7%−2.3
X2-G225A
2.8% · 3.6%+0.9
I
2.6% · 4.4%+1.7
W
2.3% · 1.5%−0.9

The same country on the project maps

In the FTDNA geographic projects a member puts the place of their paternal or maternal ancestor on the map. Here those points are set against the public tree: solid bar the tree, hatched bar the points on the maps, copy of 2026-10-20. A person in several projects counts once. Branches as in the tree above: each counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Regions with a page of their own are not included here: they are counted apart.

Y-DNA FTDNA 1,661 · Projects 608

FTDNAProjects
FTDNA · Projects · Δ
R R-M207
71.0% · 69.9%−1.1
R1b-L23 R-L23
65.4% · 48.2%−17.2
L51 R-L51
64.2% · 47.2%−17
P312 R-P312
44.0% · 35.0%−9
L21 R-L21
25.5% · 20.2%−5.3
DF13 R-DF13
22.1% · 18.3%−3.8
Z39589 R-Z39589
10.5% · 7.4%−3.1
DF27 R-DF27
9.6% · 7.7%−1.8
U152 R-U152
6.7% · 5.4%−1.3
U106 R-U106
12.5% · 8.7%−3.7
I I-L758
15.7% · 15.3%−0.4
I1 I-M253
9.0% · 7.7%−1.2
DF29 I-DF29
7.5% · 4.8%−2.8
I2 I-P215
6.6% · 5.9%−0.7

mtDNA FTDNA 2,121 · Projects 750

FTDNAProjects
FTDNA · Projects · Δ
H
43.1% · 39.2%−3.9
H1
15.0% · 11.3%−3.7
H3
5.0% · 3.5%−1.5
U
11.5% · 10.4%−1.1
U5a'b
6.7% · 5.1%−1.6
T
8.8% · 9.2%+0.4
T2
7.0% · 7.7%+0.7
T2b
4.3% · 4.1%−0.2
J
7.3% · 5.7%−1.5
J1
5.5% · 3.9%−1.6
J1c
4.2% · 2.8%−1.4
K
6.6% · 6.7%0
K1
5.2% · 4.1%−1.1
A
4.2% · 6.1%+1.9
638
Y-DNA · People on the map
608 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 635 such votes
75%
Y-DNA · SNP-confirmed
that many have the branch confirmed by an SNP test, the rest predicted from STRs
751
mtDNA · People on the map
750 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 745 such votes
76%
agreement with YFull · Y
how closely the Y tree branches match between FTDNA and YFull, each branch counted without its sub-branches. 100% is identical, below 80% is visibly different.
R-M207 −25.5
gap to YFull · Y
the Y branch whose share differs most between the two companies: FTDNA 71.0%, YFull 45.6%
25% / 20%
reached the finest branch: YFull / FTDNA
share of YFull samples and FTDNA kits that reached the finest branch of the FTDNA tree. On average a YFull sample sits 37.5 branchings from the root, an FTDNA kit 36.4
20%
Y-DNA · on leaves
share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.
32%
Big Y
rough share of kits with a Big Y test, a full read of the Y chromosome. It is estimated from the branches where the region's kits sit, so it is an estimate, not a count.
40%
mtDNA · on leaves
share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.
1.28
mt to Y
mtDNA kits per one Y-DNA kit. Below 0.3 means the country tests almost only the paternal line.

New this month #

FTDNA: how much the kit count grew between the tree copies of 2026-10-09 and 2026-11-12. A kit that moved to a new sub-branch after refinement is not counted as new. YFull: samples YFull itself marks as new, in the copy of 2026-11-02; YFull drops the mark after a few weeks.

+7
Y-DNA, FTDNA
new kits, 2026-10-09 → 2026-11-12
+7
mtDNA, FTDNA
new kits, 2026-10-12 → 2026-11-11
+1
Y-DNA, YFull
new samples as of 2026-11-02

Y-DNA: branches that grew

mtDNA: branches that grew

New Y-DNA samples in YFull

Subregions #

Each bar is all the kits of one place; a colour is a group of haplogroups. The “Canada” line holds kits that name only the country, without a region. A faded line has fewer than 20 kits; its shares are unreliable.

Y-DNA

R1b-L21R-Z46516R1b-U106rest of RCI1-DF29I2Eother
Canada no region 1,661
First Nations 50
Inuit 1

mtDNA

HACUXDTKBother
Canada no region 2,121
First Nations 136
Inuit 2
YFull

Regions on YFull #

Regions that cannot be picked at FTDNA but are reported by YFull customers. Regions with 20 or more samples are shown; modern YFull customers only. YFull regions →

Regions on YFull
Country / region Y mt Leading
Quebec CA-QC 38 35 R-P312 R1b-P312 32%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 13%, O-M122 O2 11%
Ontario CA-ON 37 30 I-DF29 I1-DF29 24%, R-P312 R1b-P312 22%, I-M26 I2a-M26 8%
YFull

Peoples and languages on YFull #

Native language reported by YFull customers from this country. People from regions with a page of their own (republics, autonomies) are shown there. These are the testers' own answers, not a census.

YFull

Recent kin across borders #

Shared young paternal branches: YFull customers from this country and from the partner country have a common paternal-line ancestor no older than 500 years. The comparison accounts for how linked a country is abroad overall: shown are partners with more shared branches than its general openness would give. It reflects recent migration and shared ancestry, not ethnicity.

Recent kin across borders
Country shared branches expected × chance?
France 7 0.18 39.6 unlikely by chance p < 0.001
United States 7 2.9 2.4 unlikely by chance p = 0.021
Ireland 5 0.97 5.2 unlikely by chance p = 0.002

Ancient samples

From excavations on this territory: 6 samples by Y-DNA and 74 samples by mtDNA. The oldest: 195 CE, Dorset.

Dorset 2 · Ancient Ontario 2 · Native American 1 · Late Dorset 1

All ancient samples →

Data on this page: FamilyTreeDNA Y tree, 12 November 2026: 1,661 kits; FamilyTreeDNA mtDNA tree, 11 November 2026: 2,121 kits; YFull Y tree, 2 November 2026: 147 samples; YFull mtDNA tree, 2 November 2026: 137 samples.

How to cite: ftdnastat, "Canada: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups", https://ftdnastat.github.io/en/c/canada/, data of 2026-11-14, build 20261114-18dba71.

The data is licensed under CC BY 4.0: take it, rework it, just credit ftdnastat.