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Scotland: haplogroups

FamilyTreeDNA has 14,222 kits with a Y-DNA result and 4,626 kits with mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). On the paternal line the most common are R1b-L51 — 67%, I1 — 11% and I2 — 8%. On the maternal line the most common are H — 41%, U — 14% and J1 — 11%. YFull has 1,042 samples for Y from the same area, and its mix of major branches is broadly the same. The largest gap is R1b-L51: 67% on FTDNA against 56% on YFull.

Compare with…
537
Y-DNA · kits per 100,000 men
rank 2 of 123 among countries. About 2.7 million men (Wikidata, 2016). A kit's country is the ancestor's homeland, not where the tester lives
86.1
mtDNA · kits per 100,000 people
rank 4 of 93 among countries. About 5.4 million people (Wikidata, 2016)

Paternal line · Y-DNA

14,222 kits · 30 branches
Main branches of the Y tree. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches; sub-branches are indented. Age is how many years ago the branch's common ancestor lived (TMRCA).
R
10,783 · 75.8% 28k years
R1b-L51
9,555 · 67.2% 6,100 years
P312
7,108 · 50.0% 4,900 years
L21
5,606 · 39.4% 4,700 years
DF13
5,087 · 35.8% 4,600 years
Z39589
2,831 · 19.9% 4,500 years
M222
901 · 6.3% 2,100 years
DF21
625 · 4.4% 4,400 years
Z253
426 · 3.0% 4,500 years
DF27
771 · 5.4% 4,700 years
Z195
419 · 2.9% 4,600 years
U152
401 · 2.8% 4,700 years
U106
1,662 · 11.7% 5,000 years
L48
717 · 5.0% 4,500 years
Z9
457 · 3.2% 4,200 years
Z156
313 · 2.2% 4,600 years
R1a-M198
690 · 4.9% 8,500 years
Z282
554 · 3.9% 4,800 years
Z284
513 · 3.6% 4,200 years
S4458
422 · 3.0% 3,800 years
I
2,643 · 18.6% 35k years
I1
1,512 · 10.6% 20k years
DF29
1,026 · 7.2% 4,500 years
Z58
520 · 3.7% 4,500 years
Z59
428 · 3.0% 4,300 years
L22
313 · 2.2% 3,900 years
I2
1,097 · 7.7% 25k years
I2b
719 · 5.1% 17k years
CTS616
597 · 4.2% 13k years
J
303 · 2.1% 30k years
other
493 · 3.5%

Among the rest: E 271, G 136, T 17, Q 16, N 11, A 10, C 9, F 6, O 6, H 5, L 4, B 1, K 1.

Maternal line · mtDNA

4,626 kits · 30 branches
Main mt-tree branches grouped by letter, sub-branches indented. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Age is how many years ago the branch's common foremother lived, from FTDNA data where available.
H
1,917 · 41.4% 11k years
H1
749 · 16.2% 7,900 years
H1-T16189C!
157 · 3.4%
H1c
133 · 2.9% 5,300 years
H3
210 · 4.5% 6,700 years
H5
129 · 2.8% 8,400 years
H2a
117 · 2.5% 8,000 years
U
655 · 14.2% 51k years
U5a'b
425 · 9.2% 30k years
U5a
240 · 5.2% 21k years
U5a1
190 · 4.1% 13k years
U5b
185 · 4.0% 25k years
U5b2
129 · 2.8% 19k years
U2'3'4'7'8'9
218 · 4.7% 50k years
U4
111 · 2.4% 22k years
J
604 · 13.1% 35k years
J1
525 · 11.3% 28k years
J1c
408 · 8.8% 13k years
J1c3
144 · 3.1% 7,300 years
J1b
117 · 2.5% 19k years
J1b1a1
108 · 2.3% 5,700 years
T
453 · 9.8% 20k years
T2
344 · 7.4% 15k years
T2b
220 · 4.8% 8,500 years
T1a-T152C!
107 · 2.3%
K
367 · 7.9% 29k years
K1
301 · 6.5% 23k years
K1a
195 · 4.2% 11k years
I
221 · 4.8% 17k years
V
146 · 3.2% 7,500 years
other
263 · 5.7%

Among the rest: W 79, X 64, HV 60, L 22, M 11, N 11, C 5, R 3, B 3, D 2, A 2, G 1.

Migration paths of the characteristic branches #

Paths of the region's main characteristic branches, as modelled by FamilyTreeDNA Discover, on one calendar clock: in each year a branch stands where its ancestral line was. Grey is a stretch of path shared by several branches; the large marker is the branch itself. Above the map you can pick the paternal line (Y-DNA) or the maternal one (mtDNA).

Show the mapHide the map The map unfolds by itself as you scroll down to it.

Loading the map…

The time scale is logarithmic: the closer to the present, the longer a year takes.

The same branches are in the tree on this page.

Scotland: Y-DNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

  • R-S744: 880 kits · 6.2% (95% confidence interval: 6–7%) (×9.2) 1,600 years
  • R-L1065: 1,124 kits · 7.9% (95% confidence interval: 7–8%) (×8.7) 1,800 years
  • R-S5668: 447 kits · 3.1% (95% confidence interval: 3–3%) (×6.3) 3,800 years
  • R-Z39589 R1b-Z39589: 2,831 kits · 19.9% (95% confidence interval: 19–21%) (×3.4) 4,500 years
  • R-L513: 554 kits · 3.9% (95% confidence interval: 4–4%) (×4.3) 4,000 years
  • R-CTS4179: 312 kits · 2.2% (95% confidence interval: 2–2%) (×3.8) 2,500 years
  • I-L137: 240 kits · 1.7% (95% confidence interval: 1–2%) (×3.9) 5,800 years
  • R-ZZ87: 522 kits · 3.7% (95% confidence interval: 3–4%) (×3.2) 1,800 years

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

2–11%12–16%17–32%33–51%52–90%Scotlandunder 100 kits
All 112 countries and regions by similarity
  1. Northern Ireland 90%
  2. United Kingdom 90%
  3. United States 88%
  4. England 87%
  5. Ireland 87%
  6. Canada 86%
  7. Wales 82%
  8. Australia 77%
  9. France 73%
  10. Netherlands 72%
  11. Denmark 70%
  12. Germany 69%
  13. Belgium 68%
  14. England (Cornish) 64%
  15. Norway 63%
  16. Switzerland 62%
  17. New Zealand 61%
  18. United States (Native American) 60%
  19. Sweden 57%
  20. Portugal 56%
  21. Spain 54%
  22. Brazil 52%
  23. Austria 51%
  24. Italy 51%
  25. South Africa 50%
  26. Luxembourg 49%
  27. Puerto Rico 49%
  28. Isle of Man 47%
  29. Jamaica 47%
  30. Czech Republic 47%
  31. Hungary 46%
  32. Cuba 43%
  33. Mexico 43%
  34. Poland 42%
  35. Iceland 41%
  36. Colombia 39%
  37. Slovakia 38%
  38. Romania 37%
  39. Slovenia 37%
  40. Greece 34%
  41. Ukraine 34%
  42. Chile 34%
  43. Dominican Republic 33%
  44. Russia 33%
  45. Argentina 32%
  46. Bulgaria 30%
  47. Italy (Sicily) 29%
  48. Belarus 29%
  49. Lithuania 29%
  50. Croatia 28%
  51. Latvia 27%
  52. Serbia 27%
  53. Macedonia 26%
  54. Peru 24%
  55. Finland 23%
  56. Estonia 23%
  57. Turkey 23%
  58. Israel 22%
  59. Albania 22%
  60. Moldova 21%
  61. Lebanon 21%
  62. Armenia 19%
  63. Bosnia and Herzegovina 18%
  64. Iran 18%
  65. Syria 17%
  66. Egypt 16%
  67. Tatarstan 16%
  68. Morocco 16%
  69. Iraq 16%
  70. Azerbaijan 16%
  71. Algeria 15%
  72. Georgia 15%
  73. Uzbekistan 15%
  74. Montenegro 15%
  75. Palestine 14%
  76. India 14%
  77. Tunisia 14%
  78. Kazakhstan 13%
  79. Bashkortostan 13%
  80. Jordan 13%
  81. Mordovia 12%
  82. Bahrain 12%
  83. Kuwait 12%
  84. Saudi Arabia 12%
  85. Libya 12%
  86. Qatar 12%
  87. United Arab Emirates 12%
  88. Afghanistan 11%
  89. Dagestan 11%
  90. Chuvashia 11%
  91. Tajikistan 10%
  92. Sudan 10%
  93. Philippines 9%
  94. Adygea 9%
  95. Oman 9%
  96. Yemen 8%
  97. Pakistan 8%
  98. Sri Lanka 8%
  99. Cameroon 7%
  100. Nigeria 6%
  101. Indonesia 6%
  102. Chechnya 6%
  103. China 6%
  104. Mongolia 5%
  105. Orstkhoy (Aosta Valley in FTDNA) 3%
  106. Vietnam 3%
  107. Ghana 3%
  108. Ingushetia 3%
  109. Somalia 3%
  110. South Korea 2%
  111. Karelia 2%
  112. Japan 2%

Scotland: mtDNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

  • I2c: 21 kits · 0.5% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×4.8)
  • I2a: 28 kits · 0.6% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×3.8)
  • V10a: 23 kits · 0.5% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×3.8)
  • HV16: 14 kits · 0.3% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×4.0)
  • H31a: 16 kits · 0.3% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×3.5)
  • V2: 14 kits · 0.3% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×3.5)
  • V15a: 15 kits · 0.3% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×3.1)

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

0–28%29–50%51–71%72–84%85–95%Scotlandunder 100 kits
All 71 countries and regions by similarity
  1. England 95%
  2. Ireland 95%
  3. United Kingdom 95%
  4. United States 92%
  5. Germany 90%
  6. France 90%
  7. Norway 89%
  8. Sweden 89%
  9. Northern Ireland 89%
  10. Wales 88%
  11. Netherlands 87%
  12. Canada 86%
  13. Denmark 85%
  14. Switzerland 84%
  15. Czech Republic 84%
  16. Belgium 82%
  17. Poland 82%
  18. Austria 81%
  19. Russia 80%
  20. Hungary 79%
  21. Slovakia 78%
  22. Australia 77%
  23. Italy 77%
  24. Ukraine 75%
  25. Estonia 74%
  26. Portugal 74%
  27. Slovenia 72%
  28. Finland 72%
  29. Croatia 71%
  30. Lithuania 70%
  31. Serbia 70%
  32. Spain 69%
  33. Bulgaria 69%
  34. Romania 69%
  35. United States (Native American) 67%
  36. Latvia 65%
  37. Belarus 65%
  38. Bosnia and Herzegovina 64%
  39. Greece 64%
  40. Moldova 55%
  41. Turkey 54%
  42. Algeria 53%
  43. New Zealand 50%
  44. Chechnya 49%
  45. Morocco 49%
  46. Armenia 46%
  47. Syria 46%
  48. Israel 44%
  49. Lebanon 44%
  50. South Africa 38%
  51. Egypt 37%
  52. Brazil 37%
  53. Cuba 36%
  54. Iraq 36%
  55. Iran 35%
  56. Saudi Arabia 33%
  57. Kuwait 28%
  58. United Arab Emirates 27%
  59. Argentina 25%
  60. Dominican Republic 22%
  61. Mexico 21%
  62. India 19%
  63. Puerto Rico 19%
  64. Canada (First Nations) 15%
  65. Jamaica 8%
  66. China 8%
  67. Chile 8%
  68. Colombia 5%
  69. Japan 3%
  70. South Korea 0%
  71. Philippines 0%
YFull

The same country on YFull #

The same country at the second company, YFull. Its samples are placed on the FTDNA tree by shared mutations, so the branches are comparable. FTDNA share on the left, YFull on the right, then the difference in percentage points. Republics and other sub-regions are taken out of the country, as at FTDNA. Starred branches are nearly empty at YFull: every test there is whole-genome and reaches the fine branches. Only YFull customers (YF number) are counted, no ancient DNA. YFull data of 2026-11-02. The tree shows only its top three levels.

Y-DNA

14,222
FTDNA
kits
1,042
YFull
samples
FTDNAYFull
FTDNA · YFull · Δ
R R-M207
75.8% · 65.2%−10.7
R1b-L51 R-L51
67.2% · 55.8%−11.4
P312 R-P312
50.0% · 46.8%−3.1
U106 R-U106
11.7% · 8.1%−3.6
R1a-M198 R-M198
4.9% · 6.0%+1.2
Z282 R-Z282
3.9% · 5.3%+1.4
I I-L758
18.6% · 28.2%+9.6
I1 I-M253
10.6% · 14.3%+3.7
DF29 I-DF29
7.2% · 14.3%+7.1
I2 I-P215
7.7% · 13.9%+6.2
I2b I-M223
5.1% · 9.1%+4.1
J J-M304
2.1% · 1.6%−0.5

mtDNA

4,626
FTDNA
kits
85
YFull
samples
FTDNAYFull
FTDNA · YFull · Δ
H
41.4% · 37.6%−3.8
H1
16.2% · 10.6%−5.6
H1-T16189C!
3.4% · 4.7%+1.3
H1c
2.9% · 0.0%−2.9
H3
4.5% · 3.5%−1
H5
2.8% · 2.4%−0.4
H2a
2.5% · 5.9%+3.4
U
14.2% · 9.4%−4.7
U5a'b
9.2% · 4.7%−4.5
U5a
5.2% · 1.2%−4
U5b
4.0% · 3.5%−0.5
U2'3'4'7'8'9
4.7% · 4.7%0
U4
2.4% · 3.5%+1.1
J
13.1% · 18.8%+5.8
J1
11.3% · 15.3%+3.9
J1c
8.8% · 10.6%+1.8
J1b
2.5% · 4.7%+2.2
T
9.8% · 11.8%+2
T2
7.4% · 11.8%+4.3
T2b
4.8% · 5.9%+1.1
T1a-T152C!
2.3% · 0.0%−2.3
K
7.9% · 8.2%+0.3
K1
6.5% · 7.1%+0.6
K1a
4.2% · 3.5%−0.7
I
4.8% · 4.7%−0.1
V
3.2% · 4.7%+1.5

The same country on the project maps

In the FTDNA geographic projects a member puts the place of their paternal or maternal ancestor on the map. Here those points are set against the public tree: solid bar the tree, hatched bar the points on the maps, copy of 2026-10-20. A person in several projects counts once. Branches as in the tree above: each counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Regions with a page of their own are not included here: they are counted apart.

Y-DNA FTDNA 14,222 · Projects 3,166

FTDNAProjects
FTDNA · Projects · Δ
R R-M207
75.8% · 78.0%+2.1
R1b-L51 R-L51
67.2% · 55.3%−11.8
P312 R-P312
50.0% · 42.9%−7.1
L21 R-L21
39.4% · 33.5%−5.9
DF13 R-DF13
35.8% · 32.0%−3.8
Z39589 R-Z39589
19.9% · 19.0%−0.9
M222 R-M222
6.3% · 5.8%−0.6
DF27 R-DF27
5.4% · 5.2%−0.2
U106 R-U106
11.7% · 9.7%−2
I I-L758
18.6% · 16.8%−1.7
I1 I-M253
10.6% · 8.4%−2.2
DF29 I-DF29
7.2% · 6.6%−0.6
I2 I-P215
7.7% · 7.2%−0.5
I2b I-M223
5.1% · 5.1%+0.1

mtDNA FTDNA 4,626 · Projects 892

FTDNAProjects
FTDNA · Projects · Δ
H
41.4% · 39.6%−1.9
H1
16.2% · 11.3%−4.9
U
14.2% · 14.6%+0.4
U5a'b
9.2% · 7.8%−1.3
U5a
5.2% · 4.9%−0.3
J
13.1% · 14.5%+1.4
J1
11.3% · 10.1%−1.3
J1c
8.8% · 7.0%−1.9
T
9.8% · 8.6%−1.2
T2
7.4% · 6.4%−1
T2b
4.8% · 3.5%−1.3
K
7.9% · 9.3%+1.4
K1
6.5% · 6.5%0
I
4.8% · 6.4%+1.6
3,272
Y-DNA · People on the map
3,166 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 3,228 such votes
77%
Y-DNA · SNP-confirmed
that many have the branch confirmed by an SNP test, the rest predicted from STRs
892
mtDNA · People on the map
892 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 889 such votes
87%
agreement with YFull · Y
how closely the Y tree branches match between FTDNA and YFull, each branch counted without its sub-branches. 100% is identical, below 80% is visibly different.
R-L51 −11.4
gap to YFull · Y
the Y branch whose share differs most between the two companies: FTDNA 67.2%, YFull 55.8%
29% / 30%
reached the finest branch: YFull / FTDNA
share of YFull samples and FTDNA kits that reached the finest branch of the FTDNA tree. On average a YFull sample sits 40.9 branchings from the root, an FTDNA kit 38.5
30%
Y-DNA · on leaves
share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.
49%
Big Y
rough share of kits with a Big Y test, a full read of the Y chromosome. It is estimated from the branches where the region's kits sit, so it is an estimate, not a count.
44%
mtDNA · on leaves
share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.
0.33
mt to Y
mtDNA kits per one Y-DNA kit. Below 0.3 means the country tests almost only the paternal line.

New this month #

FTDNA: how much the kit count grew between the tree copies of 2026-10-09 and 2026-11-12. A kit that moved to a new sub-branch after refinement is not counted as new. YFull: samples YFull itself marks as new, in the copy of 2026-11-02; YFull drops the mark after a few weeks.

+35
Y-DNA, FTDNA
new kits, 2026-10-09 → 2026-11-12
+12
mtDNA, FTDNA
new kits, 2026-10-12 → 2026-11-11
+6
Y-DNA, YFull
new samples as of 2026-11-02

Y-DNA: branches that grew

mtDNA: branches that grew

New Y-DNA samples in YFull

Subregions #

Each bar is all the kits of one place; a colour is a group of haplogroups. The “Scotland” line holds kits that name only the country, without a region. A faded line has fewer than 20 kits; its shares are unreliable.

Y-DNA

R1b-P312R-BY30097R1a-Z284rest of RI1-Z58I-CTS6364I2rest of Iother
Scotland no region 14,222
Orkney 40
Shetland 35

mtDNA

H1H3rest of HJT1rest of TUKVother
Scotland no region 4,626
Orkney 17
Shetland 9
YFull

Regions on YFull #

Regions that cannot be picked at FTDNA but are reported by YFull customers. Regions with 20 or more samples are shown; modern YFull customers only. YFull regions →

Regions on YFull
Country / region Y mt Leading
Inverness/shire SC-INS 53 1 R-DF13 R1b-DF13 53%, R-S4458 R1a-S4458 15%, E-M191 E-M191 13%
Ayr/shire SC-AYR 51 7 R-DF13 R1b-DF13 37%, E-V22 E-V22 22%, I-CTS616 I2b-CTS616 18%
Lanark/shire SC-LNK 41 5 R-P312 R1b-P312 37%, I-Z59 I1-Z59 34%, I-P37 I2a 7%
Argyll SC-ARG 39 1 R-L51 R1b-L51 67%, R-S4458 R1a-S4458 13%, I-M284 I2b-M284 8%
Edinburgh/Midlothian SC-EDI 35 3 R-P312 R1b-P312 31%, I-P37 I2a 9%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 9%
Perth/shire SC-PTH 30 2 R-DF13 R1b-DF13 37%, I-CTS616 I2b-CTS616 13%, R-M198 R1a-M198 10%
Dumfries/shire SC-DMF 28 1 R-Z39589 R1b-Z39589 21%, I-P215 I2 14%, J-L858 J1-L858 11%
Aberdeenshire SC-ABS 27 5 R-L51 R1b-L51 67%, I-L758 I 15%
Glasgow SC-GLA 24 7 R-DF13 R1b-DF13 29%, R-L2 R1b-L2 25%, I-Z59 I1-Z59 13%
YFull

Peoples and languages on YFull #

Native language reported by YFull customers from this country. People from regions with a page of their own (republics, autonomies) are shown there. These are the testers' own answers, not a census.

YFull

Recent kin across borders #

Shared young paternal branches: YFull customers from this country and from the partner country have a common paternal-line ancestor no older than 500 years. The comparison accounts for how linked a country is abroad overall: shown are partners with more shared branches than its general openness would give. It reflects recent migration and shared ancestry, not ethnicity.

Recent kin across borders
Country shared branches expected × chance?
United States 48 11.4 4.2 unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Ireland 25 3.9 6.4 unlikely by chance p < 0.001
YFull

Paternal and maternal lines together #

Members of this people with both lines known on YFull. For each “Y branch × mt branch” combination, how many times it occurred and how many would be expected if the two lines had nothing to do with each other. Y and mt pairs → n=147

Notably above chance

Y × mt: line combinations · Notably above chance
Y mt pairs expected by chance × chance?
R1b-Z156 U5a 5 0.7 7.66 unlikely by chance p < 0.001

Most frequent combinations

Y × mt: line combinations · Most frequent combinations
Y mt pairs expected by chance × chance?
R1b-Z156 U5a 5 0.7 7.66 unlikely by chance p < 0.001
R1b-DF13 H1a 3 1.1 2.63 could be chance p = 0.088
R1b-DF27 H5a 3 0.2 12.60 unlikely by chance p < 0.001

Ancient relatives of male lines #

Which cultures of the Copper Age and Early Bronze Age (4000–2000 BCE) the local male lines lead to most closely. The share is how many kits lead to a culture; the range is in brackets.

Scotland Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: 89.6% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian ≈ 2,200–2,300 BCE 90% 10%
Scotland Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian · R1b: 70.0% R1b Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: R1b → R1b 59.4% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: R1b → R1b 10.5% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian · I1: 9.1% I1 Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: I1 → I1 9.1% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian · R1a: 4.9% R1a Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: R1a → R1a 4.3% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: R1a → R1a 0.6% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian · I2b: 3.7% I2b Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: I2b → I2b 1.9% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: I2b → I2b 1.8% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian · I2a: 0.4% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: I2a → I2a 0.4% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian · I2: 0.6% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: I2 → I2 0.6% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian · G2a: 0.3% Bell Beaker culture and Neolithic Scandinavian: G2a → G2a 0.3% R1b 71% I1 11% R1a 5% I2b 5% E1b1b 2% … 2%
Left: the major branches through which the lines lead to a culture; right: all major branches. Grey: the part of a branch without ancient relatives of this era.
How it is counted
  • Branches of the era. We take the ancient samples whose date falls inside the era, and compare the lines as they stood 1,500 years before the era ends.
  • A culture’s profile is the share of its lines on those branches. The number of samples does not change a weight: a culture of seven men weighs as much as one of a hundred and twenty.
  • A shallow test. An ancient man typed above the cut is spread over the branches under his node, by how many men each holds now. Today’s kits are treated the same way.
  • Who is admitted. A culture takes part when its sharply typed men cover 25% of the population on their own: branch by branch we add the smaller of the two shares, the culture’s and the population’s. One dug within 550 km needs only 0.5%.
  • The shares. We pick the weights of the cultures so that their mixture comes as close as it can to today’s set of branches.
  • Look-alike cultures. When cultures share almost all their branches, the data cannot say whose kin the men are. So we do not split the share between them: they get one bar.
  • The range. We recount everything on random subsets of the samples. In brackets are the bounds the share keeps in nine runs out of ten. A share that can fall below 5%, or below half of itself, is not shown at all.

What it does not mean. This is kinship of male lines, not the origin of a people. The female lines say nothing here. Who takes a test is a matter of chance, so the shares compare between countries, not with a census.

Other eras: Early Middle Ages — Iron Age Irish 23%.

Ancient samples

From excavations on this territory: 86 samples by Y-DNA and 44 samples by mtDNA. The oldest: 3,864 BCE, Neolithic British Isles.

Neolithic British Isles 40 · Bronze Age British Isles 20 · Iron Age British 16 · Picts 3 · Viking Age Orcadian 3

All ancient samples →

Data on this page: FamilyTreeDNA Y tree, 12 November 2026: 14,222 kits; FamilyTreeDNA mtDNA tree, 11 November 2026: 4,626 kits; YFull Y tree, 2 November 2026: 1,042 samples; YFull mtDNA tree, 2 November 2026: 85 samples.

How to cite: ftdnastat, "Scotland: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups", https://ftdnastat.github.io/en/c/scotland/, data of 2026-11-14, build 20261114-18dba71.

The data is licensed under CC BY 4.0: take it, rework it, just credit ftdnastat.