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Scotland: ancient DNA

86
Y-DNA
samples
44
mtDNA
samples

People whose remains archaeologists found and whose DNA labs have read. The date is the middle of the dating interval, radiocarbon or by archaeological context. Branches link to branch pages where one exists. All archaeological cultures

Y-DNA

By period #

4,000–3,000 BCE
35 · 40.7%
3,000–2,000 BCE
11 · 12.8%
2,000–1,000 BCE
14 · 16.3%
1,000–0 BCE
14 · 16.3%
0–1,000 CE
12 · 14.0%
Y-DNA

Branches #

I-FGC7094
30 · 34.9%
R-P312
4 · 4.7%
I-L1195
3 · 3.5%
I-Y3709
3 · 3.5%
I-L38
3 · 3.5%
I-L623
3 · 3.5%
R-Z30597
3 · 3.5%
R-L151
3 · 3.5%
I-Y3712
2 · 2.3%
R-L21
2 · 2.3%
R-S5488
2 · 2.3%
R-DF13
2 · 2.3%
Y-DNA

Cultures #

All archaeological cultures

mtDNA

By period #

4,000–3,000 BCE
20 · 45.5%
3,000–2,000 BCE
5 · 11.4%
2,000–1,000 BCE
1 · 2.3%
1,000–0 BCE
11 · 25.0%
0–1,000 CE
7 · 15.9%
mtDNA

Branches #

T2b
3 · 6.8%
H1
3 · 6.8%
K1b1a1
3 · 6.8%
T2a1b1a
2 · 4.5%
H2a1
2 · 4.5%
H6a1a
2 · 4.5%
H1c
1 · 2.3%
J1c1
1 · 2.3%
U5b2a
1 · 2.3%
T2f
1 · 2.3%
K1a
1 · 2.3%
V
1 · 2.3%

Paternal lines of the ancients #

Source: FamilyTreeDNA Discover.

Paternal lines of the ancients
Sample Culture Site Region Date Branch Study
Gen Scot 26 I2657 Neolithic British Isles Macarthur Cave, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,864 BCE I-L1195 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Tulloch of Assery 36028 I36028 Neolithic British Isles Tulloch of Assery B, Highlands Scotland 3,720 BCE I-FTJ51397 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Ulva Cave 12312 I12312 Neolithic British Isles Ulva Cave, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,674 BCE I-P214 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Gen Scot 30 I2691 Neolithic British Isles Distillery Cave, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,663 BCE I-FT109337 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Raschoille 1 I3041 Neolithic British Isles Raschoille Cave, Oban, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,650 BCE I-BY166411 ? Brace et al. 2019; Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 79 I2796 Neolithic British Isles Point of Cott, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,621 BCE I-FGC7095 ? Olalde et al. 2018; Patterson et al. 2022
Gen Scot 6 I2634 Neolithic British Isles Tulach an t'Sionnach, Highlands Scotland 3,617 BCE I-FTJ51397 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026; Olalde et al. 2018
Tulloch of Assery 36006 I36006 Neolithic British Isles Tulloch of Assery A, Highlands Scotland 3,588 BCE I-FTJ51397 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Gen Scot 7 I2635 Neolithic British Isles Tulloch of Assery A, Highlands Scotland 3,573 BCE I-F25518 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026; Olalde et al. 2018
Raschoille 3135 I3135 Neolithic British Isles Raschoille Cave, Oban, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,567 BCE I-Y3712 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Raschoille 3134 I3134 Neolithic British Isles Raschoille Cave, Oban, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,511 BCE I-BY166411 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Tulloch of Assery 36007 I36007 Neolithic British Isles Tulloch of Assery A, Highlands Scotland 3,506 BCE I-FTJ51397 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Holm of Papa 35761 I35761 Neolithic British Isles Holm of Papa Westray North, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,500 BCE I-FTJ51397 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Raschoille 3137 I3137 Neolithic British Isles Raschoille Cave, Oban, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,500 BCE I-S2599 ? Olalde et al. 2018; Patterson et al. 2022
Carding Mill 12317 I12317 Neolithic British Isles Carding Mill Bay, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,498 BCE I-A8742 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Rattar East 36018 I36018 Neolithic British Isles Rattar East, Caithness Scotland 3,497 BCE I-BY37286 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Raschoille 3133 I3133 Neolithic British Isles Raschoille Cave, Oban, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,496 BCE I-BY60222 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Midhowe 2 mid002 Neolithic British Isles Knowe of Midhowe, Midhowe Scotland 3,460 BCE I-BY37286 ? Sánchez-Quinto et al. 2019
Rattar East 36019 I36019 Neolithic British Isles Rattar East, Caithness Scotland 3,446 BCE I-FTK187 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Gen Scot 29 I2660 Neolithic British Isles Distillery Cave, Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,444 BCE I-BY168618 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 10 I2650 Neolithic British Isles Holm of Papa, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,430 BCE I-FTK187 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Cummings et al. 2026; Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 9 I2637 Neolithic British Isles Holm of Papa, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,425 BCE I-A8742 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Cummings et al. 2026; Olalde et al. 2018
Strathglebe 26 KD026 Neolithic British Isles Strathglebe, Isle of Skye Scotland 3,298 BCE I-Y63727 Dulias et al. 2022
Unstan 7554 I7554 Neolithic British Isles Unstan, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,232 BCE I-FTJ51397 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Lairo 1 lai001 Neolithic British Isles Knowe of Lairo, Lairo Scotland 3,228 BCE I-BY37286 ? Sánchez-Quinto et al. 2019
Midhowe 1 mid001 Neolithic British Isles Knowe of Midhowe, Midhowe Scotland 3,223 BCE I-FTJ51397 Sánchez-Quinto et al. 2019
Holm of Papa 36003 I36003 Neolithic British Isles Holm of Papa Westray North, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,193 BCE I-FTK187 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Gen Scot 76 I2978 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,190 BCE I-BY37286 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Banks tomb 627 NEO627 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,182 BCE I-BY37286 Allentoft et al. 2024
Embo 19286 I19286 Neolithic British Isles Embo, Dornoch Scotland 3,180 BCE I-M170 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Gen Scot 73 I2935 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,165 BCE I-BY37286 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 77 I2979 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,154 BCE I-Y13518 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Banks tomb 626 NEO626 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,132 BCE I-BY37286 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Banks tomb 625 NEO625 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,130 BCE I-BY37286 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Gen Scot 3 I2631 Neolithic British Isles Quoyness, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 3,007 BCE I-AMM061 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 2629 I2629 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 2,980 BCE I-L161 ? Olalde et al. 2018; Patterson et al. 2022
Banks tomb 630 NEO630 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 2,947 BCE I-BY37286 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Gen Scot 71 I2933 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 2,927 BCE I-Y3712 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Banks tomb 717 NEO717 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 2,900 BCE I-BY37286 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Gen Scot 75 I2977 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 2,893 BCE I-Y63727 Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 2 I2630 Chalcolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 2,521 BCE I-FT368016 Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 70 I2932 Chalcolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 2,483 BCE I-FT368016 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 15 I2568 Bronze Age British Isles Dryburn Bridge, East Lothian Scotland 2,163 BCE R-L21 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Coneypark Cairn 16412 I16412 Bronze Age British Isles Coneypark Cairn, Stirling Scotland 2,093 BCE I-CTS616 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Gen Scot 14 I2567 Bronze Age British Isles Dryburn Bridge, East Lothian Scotland 2,054 BCE R-P312 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 17 I2569 Bronze Age British Isles Eweford Cottages, East Lothian Scotland 2,028 BCE R-P312 ? Olalde et al. 2018; Patterson et al. 2022
Gen Scot 68 I3132 Bronze Age British Isles Covesea Cave 2, Moray Scotland 1,977 BCE R-S5488 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Noltland 57 KD057 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 1,643 BCE I-S2639 ? Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 45 KD045 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 1,560 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 6 KD006 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 1,560 BCE I-Y13518 ? Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 59 KD059 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 1,541 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 60 KD060 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 1,541 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 61 KD061 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 1,541 BCE R-DF13 ? Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 64 KD064 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 1,480 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 49 KD049 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 1,463 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 47 KD047 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 1,410 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Gen Scot 24 I2655 Bronze Age British Isles Pabay Mor, Lewis, Western Isles Scotland 1,361 BCE I-L126 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 22 I2653 Bronze Age British Isles Longniddry, East Lothian Scotland 1,274 BCE R-L1066 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Tulloch of Assery 36224 I36224 Bronze Age British Isles Tulloch of Assery B, Highlands Scotland 1,254 BCE R-BY78049 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Gen Scot 25 I2656 Bronze Age British Isles Longniddry, East Lothian Scotland 1,131 BCE R-P312 ? Olalde et al. 2018; Patterson et al. 2022
Gen Scot 66 I2860 Bronze Age British Isles Covesea Cave 2, Moray Scotland 874 BCE R-Z30597 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 65 I2859 Bronze Age British Isles Covesea Caves, Moray Scotland 860 BCE R-FGC12055 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Bu 2982 I2982 Iron Age British Bu, Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 300 BCE R-CTS11954 Akbari et al. 2026; Patterson et al. 2022
Broxmouth 16422 I16422 Iron Age British Broxmouth, East Lothian Scotland 258 BCE R-L151 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Broxmouth 2695 I2695 Iron Age British Broxmouth, East Lothian Scotland 258 BCE R-P312 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Knowe of Skea 4 KD004 Iron Age British Knowe of Skea, Westray Scotland (Orkney) 172 BCE R-S7106 ? Dulias et al. 2022
Broxmouth 16503 I16503 Iron Age British Broxmouth, East Lothian Scotland 170 BCE R-Z30597 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Broxmouth 16416 I16416 Iron Age British Broxmouth, East Lothian Scotland 160 BCE R-Z30597 ? Patterson et al. 2022
North Berwick 16499 I16499 Iron Age British North Berwick, East Lothian Scotland 119 BCE R-ZP18 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Broxmouth 2693 I2693 Iron Age British Broxmouth, East Lothian Scotland 110 BCE R-P310 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Applecross 3567 I3567 Iron Age British Applecross, Strathcarron Scotland 87 BCE R-PH3932 Akbari et al. 2026; Patterson et al. 2022
Applecross 3566 I3566 Iron Age British Applecross, Strathcarron Scotland 81 BCE R-FGC19449 Akbari et al. 2026; Patterson et al. 2022
Howe 2799 I2799 Iron Age British Howe of Howe, Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 52 BCE R-DF49 ? Patterson et al. 2022
North Berwick 16418 I16418 Iron Age British North Berwick, East Lothian Scotland 5 BCE I-L1195 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Binns 27384 I27384 Iron Age British House of Binns, West Lothian Scotland 5 CE R-L21 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Broxmouth 16504 I16504 Iron Age British Broxmouth, East Lothian Scotland 34 CE R-DF13 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Binns 27385 I27385 Iron Age British House of Binns, West Lothian Scotland 34 CE R-L1066 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Applecross 3568 I3568 Iron Age British Applecross, Strathcarron Scotland 38 CE R-A277 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Toab 18915 CGG018915 Caledonian Mine Howe, Toab Scotland (Orkney) 40 CE R-FTC37192 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Birsay 203 VK203 Pictish Birsay, Brough Road, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 361 CE R-BY10450 Margaryan et al. 2020
Buckquoy 201 I2800 Pictish Buckquoy Birsay, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 500 CE I-Y3713 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Margaryan et al. 2020
Rosemarkie 1 KD001 Medieval British Rosemarkie Cave, Black Isle Scotland 541 CE R-L151 ? Dulias et al. 2022
Lundin Links 4 LUN004 Pictish Lundin Links, Fife Scotland 550 CE R-FTB51848 Morez et al. 2023
Buckquoy 202 I2984 Viking Age Orcadian Buckquoy Birsay, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 950 CE R-A151 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Margaryan et al. 2020
Deerness 204 VK204 Viking Age Orcadian Deerness, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 950 CE R-BY115469 ? Margaryan et al. 2020
Deerness 205 VK205 Viking Age Orcadian Deerness, Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 950 CE R-S6794 Margaryan et al. 2020

Maternal lines of the ancients #

Source: YFull; no culture given.

Maternal lines of the ancients
Sample Site Region Date Branch
87142 Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,703 BCE H1c
87109 Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,671 BCE J1c1
102121 Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,590 BCE T2b
102266 Argyll Scotland 3,525 BCE T2b
87111 Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,512 BCE U5b2a
87101 Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,504 BCE T2f4
86577 Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,502 BCE K1-a16
87037 Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,443 BCE H1cf2
87032 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 3,441 BCE V
87033 North Ayrshire Scotland 3,439 BCE U5b2a3
87466 Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,436 BCE U5a2-a
87474 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 3,430 BCE T2c1d1
87470 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 3,425 BCE K1b1a1
102209 Argyll Scotland 3,400 BCE H45d
87104 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 3,235 BCE J1c9e
86576 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 3,233 BCE H1dz
87052 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 3,182 BCE U5a2c3-a
86573 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 3,180 BCE K1b1a1
86584 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 3,138 BCE U8b1b4a1
87054 Argyll and Bute Scotland 3,116 BCE K1a4a1
87094 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 2,460 BCE H5az
102143 East Lothian/Haddingtonshire Scotland 2,238 BCE K1b1a1
102094 East Lothian/Haddingtonshire Scotland 2,127 BCE H1c3a
102214 East Lothian/Haddingtonshire Scotland 2,007 BCE HV0-a2a
87468 Moray Scotland 2,006 BCE T2a1b1a
87019 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 1,758 BCE T2a1b1a7
86597 Moray/Elgin Scotland 905 BCE I2a1
87000 Moray Scotland 905 BCE U5a1c3b
87068 Moray Scotland 891 BCE H5a1
87065 Moray Scotland 860 BCE K1a2c2a1
102133 East Lothian/Haddingtonshire Scotland 577 BCE H2a1
102104 East Lothian/Haddingtonshire Scotland 562 BCE H2a1
101920 Orkney Scotland (Orkney) 303 BCE U2e2a1c
101918 East Lothian/Haddingtonshire Scotland 235 BCE H1ak1
102100 East Lothian/Haddingtonshire Scotland 205 BCE U5a2b4a
102080 East Lothian/Haddingtonshire Scotland 97 BCE H6a1a8
102237 Berwick/shire Scotland 37 BCE K1a26
102190 East Lothian/Haddingtonshire Scotland 36 CE H6a1a8
148738 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 64 CE J2b1a-a
148378 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 117 CE T2b81a
82358 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 350 CE H4a1a1a1a1
82373 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 500 CE H3k1a3
82304 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 950 CE H1ai1a
82542 Orkney Islands Scotland (Orkney) 950 CE H1m6