Germany: haplogroups

Name: Germany: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups
Creator: ftdnastat
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FamilyTreeDNA has 17,585 kits with a Y-DNA result and 10,944 kits with mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). On the paternal line the most common are R1b-L51 — 38%, I1 — 15% and R1a-M198 — 10%. On the maternal line the most common are H — 45%, U — 14% and T2 — 8%. YFull has 1,046 samples for Y from the same area, and its mix of major branches is broadly the same. The largest gap is R1b-M269: 42% on FTDNA against 35% on YFull.

Compare with…

42.1

Y-DNA · kits per 100,000 men

rank 23 of 123 among countries. About 42 million men (UN, 2023). A kit's country is the ancestor's homeland, not where the tester lives

12.9

mtDNA · kits per 100,000 people

rank 17 of 93 among countries. About 85 million people (UN, 2023)

Paternal line · Y-DNA

17,585 kits · 30 branches

Main branches of the Y tree. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches; sub-branches are indented. Age is how many years ago the branch's common ancestor lived (TMRCA).

9,245 · 52.6% 28k years

R1b-M269

7,351 · 41.8% 6,500 years

L23

6,910 · 39.3% 6,400 years

L51

6,700 · 38.1% 6,100 years

U106

3,116 · 17.7% 5,000 years

L48

1,519 · 8.6% 4,500 years

979 · 5.6% 4,200 years

P312

2,780 · 15.8% 4,900 years

U152

1,227 · 7.0% 4,700 years

742 · 4.2% 4,600 years

DF27

639 · 3.6% 4,700 years

R1a-M198

1,692 · 9.6% 8,500 years

Z282

1,043 · 5.9% 4,800 years

4,220 · 24.0% 35k years

2,665 · 15.2% 20k years

DF29

1,644 · 9.3% 4,500 years

Z58

949 · 5.4% 4,500 years

Z59

733 · 4.2% 4,300 years

1,458 · 8.3% 25k years

I2b

877 · 5.0% 17k years

CTS616

601 · 3.4% 13k years

1,476 · 8.4% 30k years

1,102 · 6.3% 28k years

J2a

538 · 3.1% 20k years

1,222 · 6.9% 52k years

E1b1b-M35

1,083 · 6.2% 25k years

E-M78

719 · 4.1% 15k years

V13

624 · 3.5% 5,200 years

1,007 · 5.7% 28k years

G2a

741 · 4.2% 19k years

other

415 · 2.4%

Among the rest: T 138, Q 117, N 69, L 49, C 23, H 8, F 6, O 4, K 1.

Maternal line · mtDNA

10,944 kits · 30 branches

Main mt-tree branches grouped by letter, sub-branches indented. Each branch counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches. Age is how many years ago the branch's common foremother lived, from FTDNA data where available.

4,919 · 44.9% 11k years

1,720 · 15.7% 7,900 years

H1c

409 · 3.7% 5,300 years

H1-T16189C!

326 · 3.0%

H1a

306 · 2.8% 4,800 years

H5'36

490 · 4.5% 8,500 years

465 · 4.2% 8,400 years

H5a

297 · 2.7% 7,700 years

432 · 3.9% 6,700 years

H2a

295 · 2.7% 8,000 years

262 · 2.4% 11k years

1,544 · 14.1% 51k years

U5a'b

871 · 8.0% 30k years

U5a

502 · 4.6% 21k years

U5a1

357 · 3.3% 13k years

U5b

369 · 3.4% 25k years

U2'3'4'7'8'9

645 · 5.9% 50k years

340 · 3.1% 22k years

1,083 · 9.9% 20k years

837 · 7.6% 15k years

T2b

499 · 4.6% 8,500 years

1,006 · 9.2% 29k years

795 · 7.3% 23k years

K1a

557 · 5.1% 11k years

945 · 8.6% 35k years

670 · 6.1% 28k years

J1c

568 · 5.2% 13k years

275 · 2.5% 30k years

365 · 3.3% 7,500 years

259 · 2.4% 17k years

other

823 · 7.5%

Among the rest: HV 251, W 186, X 168, N 86, R 41, L 34, M 15, C 13, D 13, A 10, B 4, Z 1, G 1.

Migration paths of the characteristic branches #

Paths of the region's main characteristic branches, as modelled by FamilyTreeDNA Discover, on one calendar clock: in each year a branch stands where its ancestral line was. Grey is a stretch of path shared by several branches; the large marker is the branch itself. Above the map you can pick the paternal line (Y-DNA) or the maternal one (mtDNA).

Show the mapHide the map The map unfolds by itself as you scroll down to it.

Loading the map…

R-Z8168 · 2%
R-DF88 · 1%
Shared trunk
Territory: Germany

The time scale is logarithmic: the closer to the present, the longer a year takes.

The same branches are in the tree on this page.

Germany: Y-DNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

R-Z331: 445 kits · 2.5% (95% confidence interval: 2–3%) (×3.9) 4,000 years
R-Z330: 396 kits · 2.3% (95% confidence interval: 2–2%) (×3.9) 3,400 years
R-Z326: 345 kits · 2.0% (95% confidence interval: 2–2%) (×3.9) 3,400 years
R-Z8168: 275 kits · 1.6% (95% confidence interval: 1–2%) (×3.9) 3,300 years
R-DF88: 233 kits · 1.3% (95% confidence interval: 1–2%) (×3.2) 4,100 years
R-DF19 R1b-DF19: 281 kits · 1.6% (95% confidence interval: 1–2%) (×3.0) 4,600 years

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

3–24%25–33%34–47%48–64%65–90%Germanyunder 100 kits

All 112 countries and regions by similarity

Germany: mtDNA #

Distinctive branches

Branches found here far more often than worldwide: their share is more than 3× the world share. The multiplier is in brackets. Branches of at least 10 kits are included.

H5t: 14 kits · 0.1% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×6.9)
H75: 18 kits · 0.2% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×5.4)
V3c: 54 kits · 0.5% (95% confidence interval: 0–1%) (×3.9)
V12: 14 kits · 0.1% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×4.3)
H50: 13 kits · 0.1% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×4.1)
H1k: 10 kits · 0.1% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×4.1)
H36: 19 kits · 0.2% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×3.1)
H1s: 14 kits · 0.1% (95% confidence interval: 0–0%) (×3.3)

Most similar countries

Countries whose mix of major branches looks most like this one. The number is similarity: 100% is the same mix, lower means less in common. Computed only for countries with 100+ kits.

0–32%33–54%55–75%76–87%88–95%Germanyunder 100 kits

All 71 countries and regions by similarity

YFull

The same country on YFull #

The same country at the second company, YFull. Its samples are placed on the FTDNA tree by shared mutations, so the branches are comparable. FTDNA share on the left, YFull on the right, then the difference in percentage points. Republics and other sub-regions are taken out of the country, as at FTDNA. Starred branches are nearly empty at YFull: every test there is whole-genome and reaches the fine branches. Only YFull customers (YF number) are counted, no ancient DNA. YFull data of 2026-11-02. The tree shows only its top three levels.

Y-DNA

17,585

FTDNA

kits

1,046

YFull

samples

FTDNAYFull

FTDNA · YFull · Δ

R R-M207

52.6% · 46.5%−6.1

R1b-M269 R-M269

41.8% · 35.0%−6.8

L23 R-L23

39.3% · 34.8%−4.5

R1a-M198 R-M198

9.6% · 10.6%+1

Z282 R-Z282

5.9% · 7.5%+1.5

I I-L758

24.0% · 25.6%+1.6

I1 I-M253

15.2% · 15.4%+0.2

DF29 I-DF29

9.3% · 14.7%+5.4

I2 I-P215

8.3% · 10.2%+1.9

I2b I-M223

5.0% · 5.5%+0.6

J J-M304

8.4% · 10.5%+2.1

J2 J-M172

6.3% · 9.0%+2.7

J2a J-M410

3.1% · 5.4%+2.3

E E-M96

6.9% · 8.6%+1.7

E1b1b-M35 E-M35

6.2% · 8.4%+2.3

E-M78

4.1% · 6.0%+1.9

G G-M201

5.7% · 5.7%0

G2a G-P15

4.2% · 5.2%+0.9

mtDNA

10,944

FTDNA

kits

380

YFull

samples

FTDNAYFull

FTDNA · YFull · Δ

44.9% · 42.6%−2.3

15.7% · 14.5%−1.2

H1c

3.7% · 3.7%−0.1

H1-T16189C!

3.0% · 1.6%−1.4

H1a

2.8% · 1.8%−1

H5'36

4.5% · 2.9%−1.6

4.2% · 2.1%−2.1

3.9% · 4.5%+0.5

H2a

2.7% · 2.4%−0.3

2.4% · 1.1%−1.3

14.1% · 15.0%+0.9

U5a'b

8.0% · 7.1%−0.9

U5a

4.6% · 4.5%−0.1

U5b

3.4% · 2.6%−0.7

U2'3'4'7'8'9

5.9% · 7.9%+2

3.1% · 3.9%+0.8

9.9% · 12.9%+3

7.6% · 8.7%+1

T2b

4.6% · 5.0%+0.4

9.2% · 9.5%+0.3

7.3% · 6.6%−0.7

K1a

5.1% · 5.3%+0.2

8.6% · 7.9%−0.7

6.1% · 6.3%+0.2

J1c

5.2% · 6.1%+0.9

2.5% · 1.6%−0.9

3.3% · 3.9%+0.6

2.4% · 1.1%−1.3

The same country on the project maps

In the FTDNA geographic projects a member puts the place of their paternal or maternal ancestor on the map. Here those points are set against the public tree: solid bar the tree, hatched bar the points on the maps, copy of 2026-10-20. A person in several projects counts once. Branches as in the tree above: each counts every kit in it and in its sub-branches.

Y-DNA FTDNA 17,585 · Projects 3,963

FTDNAProjects

FTDNA · Projects · Δ

R R-M207

52.6% · 51.7%−0.9

R1b-M269 R-M269

41.8% · 43.2%+1.4

L23 R-L23

39.3% · 33.2%−6.1

L51 R-L51

38.1% · 32.0%−6.1

U106 R-U106

17.7% · 14.6%−3.1

L48 R-L48

8.6% · 7.2%−1.4

P312 R-P312

15.8% · 14.5%−1.3

U152 R-U152

7.0% · 6.5%−0.4

R1a-M198 R-M198

9.6% · 8.0%−1.6

I I-L758

24.0% · 25.0%+1

I1 I-M253

15.2% · 14.8%−0.3

DF29 I-DF29

9.3% · 9.9%+0.6

I2 I-P215

8.3% · 7.4%−0.9

J J-M304

8.4% · 7.5%−0.9

mtDNA FTDNA 10,944 · Projects 1,943

FTDNAProjects

FTDNA · Projects · Δ

44.9% · 43.1%−1.9

15.7% · 13.1%−2.6

14.1% · 14.8%+0.7

U5a'b

8.0% · 5.6%−2.4

U5a

4.6% · 3.0%−1.6

U2'3'4'7'8'9

5.9% · 6.4%+0.5

9.9% · 10.6%+0.7

7.6% · 7.5%−0.1

9.2% · 9.5%+0.3

7.3% · 6.2%−1.1

K1a

5.1% · 4.5%−0.6

8.6% · 7.2%−1.5

6.1% · 4.1%−2.1

J1c

5.2% · 3.5%−1.7

4,155

Y-DNA · People on the map

3,963 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 4,098 such votes

79%

Y-DNA · SNP-confirmed

that many have the branch confirmed by an SNP test, the rest predicted from STRs

1,943

mtDNA · People on the map

1,943 of them have a branch of the tree; relatives with one ancestor at one place count as one, 1,920 such votes

89%

agreement with YFull · Y

how closely the Y tree branches match between FTDNA and YFull, each branch counted without its sub-branches. 100% is identical, below 80% is visibly different.

R-M269 −6.8

gap to YFull · Y

the Y branch whose share differs most between the two companies: FTDNA 41.8%, YFull 35.0%

29% / 16%

reached the finest branch: YFull / FTDNA

share of YFull samples and FTDNA kits that reached the finest branch of the FTDNA tree. On average a YFull sample sits 37.1 branchings from the root, an FTDNA kit 31.1

16%

Y-DNA · on leaves

share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.

26%

Big Y

rough share of kits with a Big Y test, a full read of the Y chromosome. It is estimated from the branches where the region's kits sit, so it is an estimate, not a count.

37%

mtDNA · on leaves

share of kits that reached the finest branch of the tree. The rest stopped at a broad branch: their test was not detailed enough.

0.62

mt to Y

mtDNA kits per one Y-DNA kit. Below 0.3 means the country tests almost only the paternal line.

New this month #

FTDNA: how much the kit count grew between the tree copies of 2026-10-09 and 2026-11-12. A kit that moved to a new sub-branch after refinement is not counted as new. YFull: samples YFull itself marks as new, in the copy of 2026-11-02; YFull drops the mark after a few weeks.

+28

Y-DNA, FTDNA

new kits, 2026-10-09 → 2026-11-12

+24

mtDNA, FTDNA

new kits, 2026-10-12 → 2026-11-11

+13

Y-DNA, YFull

new samples as of 2026-11-02

mtDNA, YFull

new samples as of 2026-11-02

Y-DNA: branches that grew

R-U152* R1b-U152: +3
E-BY3880*: +2
I-BY151*: +2
N-FGC52464: +2
R-L2* R1b-L2: +2
R-M417* R1a-M417: +2
R-YP237: +2
R-Z8168: +2
CT-M168* CT: +1
E-PF6751: +1
G-Z726: +1
I-CTS6364*: +1
I-CTS6433*: +1
I-S2077: +1
I-S2293: +1
I-S2361: +1
I-Z141*: +1
I-Z2895*: +1
J-Z1847*: +1
N-Tat*: +1
R-DF19* R1b-DF19: +1
R-DF21* R1b-DF21: +1
R-DF96: +1
R-L1029: +1
R-L20: +1
R-L47*: +1
R-Z1*: +1
R-Z159: +1
R-Z2124 R1a-Z2124: +1
R-Z251: +1
and 5 more

mtDNA: branches that grew

H10e: +3
H6a: +3
J1c: +3
H1a: +2
U5a: +2
H: +1
H1: +1
H1g: +1
H1h: +1
H1j: +1
H3v: +1
HV6: +1
HV9: +1
J1b: +1
K1c: +1
K2a: +1
U4b: +1
U5b: +1

New Y-DNA samples in YFull

E-Y17746 · Niedersachsen
E-Y272490 · Hessen · English
E-Y297727 · Hamburg
G-Y218394 · Nordrhein-Westfalen
I-FT270744 · Rheinland-Pfalz · Germans
Q-Y672718 · Hessen · Germans
R-BY118371 · Nordrhein-Westfalen
R-BY36020 · Hessen
R-FTD537 · Bayern
R-Y488865 · Bayern · ancient
R-Y49120 · Germans
R-Y629546 · Baden-Wurttemberg
R-YP285 · Sachsen-Anhalt · ancient

New mtDNA samples in YFull

H1a · Bayern · ancient
H1e1a26 · Sachsen-Anhalt · ancient
H3n1 · Rheinland-Pfalz
H7b2 · Schleswig-Holstein
K2a5 · Nordrhein-Westfalen · Unserdeutsch

YFull

Regions on YFull #

Regions that cannot be picked at FTDNA but are reported by YFull customers. Regions with 20 or more samples are shown; modern YFull customers only. YFull regions →

Regions on YFull
Country / region	Y	mt	Leading
Baden-Wurttemberg DE-BW	173	43	R-L51 R1b-L51 31%, J-M172 J2 17%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 17%
Rheinland-Pfalz DE-RP	114	23	R-L51 R1b-L51 39%, I-P215 I2 13%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 11%
Bayern DE-BY	100	53	R-L51 R1b-L51 29%, J-M172 J2 13%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 11%
Nordrhein-Westfalen DE-NW	86	38	R-L51 R1b-L51 33%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 19%, I-CTS616 I2b-CTS616 13%
Hessen DE-HE	82	26	R-L51 R1b-L51 33%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 17%, J-M92 J2a-M92 6%
Niedersachsen DE-NI	54	26	I-DF29 I1-DF29 26%, R-L51 R1b-L51 24%, R-M198 R1a-M198 17%
Sachsen DE-SN	33	19	R-L51 R1b-L51 27%, R-M458 R1a-M458 12%, R-V88 R1b-V88 12%
Thuringen DE-TH	32	8	R-L51 R1b-L51 47%, R-CTS1211 R1a-CTS1211 9%, G-P15 G2a 9%
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern DE-MV	32	7	R-Z282 R1a-Z282 25%, R-L51 R1b-L51 16%, I-DF29 I1-DF29 16%
Schleswig-Holstein DE-SH	31	10	I-Z2338 I1-Z2338 26%, R-U106 R1b-U106 23%, R-M458 R1a-M458 13%
Sachsen-Anhalt DE-ST	25	11	R-L51 R1b-L51 48%, R-Z282 R1a-Z282 12%, I-Z59 I1-Z59 12%
Brandenburg DE-BB	22	13	R-L51 R1b-L51 32%, I-Z59 I1-Z59 23%, R-M458 R1a-M458 14%

YFull

Peoples and languages on YFull #

Native language reported by YFull customers from this country. People from regions with a page of their own (republics, autonomies) are shown there. These are the testers' own answers, not a census.

Germans 131 / 80
English 30 / 10
Germans (Low German) 5 / 4
Danes 5 / 0
Swabians 4 / 1

YFull

Recent kin across borders #

Shared young paternal branches: YFull customers from this country and from the partner country have a common paternal-line ancestor no older than 500 years. The comparison accounts for how linked a country is abroad overall: shown are partners with more shared branches than its general openness would give. It reflects recent migration and shared ancestry, not ethnicity.

Recent kin across borders
Country	shared branches	expected	×	chance?
Poland	12	2.3	5.2	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
Ukraine	8	2.1	3.8	unlikely by chance p = 0.001
Lithuania	7	1.9	3.6	unlikely by chance p = 0.003
Belarus	5	1.7	2.9	unlikely by chance p = 0.028

YFull

Paternal and maternal lines together #

Members of this people with both lines known on YFull. For each “Y branch × mt branch” combination, how many times it occurred and how many would be expected if the two lines had nothing to do with each other. Y and mt pairs → n=402

Notably above chance

Y × mt: line combinations · Notably above chance
Y	mt	pairs	expected by chance	×	chance?
R1b-Z304	H1b	5	0.7	7.39	unlikely by chance p < 0.001

Most frequent combinations

Y × mt: line combinations · Most frequent combinations
Y	mt	pairs	expected by chance	×	chance?
R1b-Z304	H1b	5	0.7	7.39	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
G2a-U1	U2e	4	0.2	18.27	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
I1-Z59	T2b	4	0.9	4.25	could be chance p = 0.010
R1b-Z9	H1a	4	1.5	2.69	could be chance p = 0.052
E-V13	K1a	3	0.7	4.43	could be chance p = 0.025
I2b-CTS616	T2c	3	0.2	15.08	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
J2a-Z435	H3a	3	0.1	24.61	unlikely by chance p < 0.001
R1a-M458	U5a	3	0.8	3.72	could be chance p = 0.040

Ancient relatives of male lines #

Which cultures of the Copper Age and Early Bronze Age (4000–2000 BCE) the local male lines lead to most closely. The share is how many kits lead to a culture; the range is in brackets.

CulturesBranches

Left: the major branches through which the lines lead to a culture; right: all major branches. Grey: the part of a branch without ancient relatives of this era.

Neolithic Scandinavian and Bell Beaker cultureshared branches: R-P310, I-S63, R-M417
in the same bar: Corded Ware70%(52%–74%)
No close ancient relativesalso cultures under 3% and kits with shallow tests30%

How it is counted

Branches of the era. We take the ancient samples whose date falls inside the era, and compare the lines as they stood 1,500 years before the era ends.
A culture’s profile is the share of its lines on those branches. The number of samples does not change a weight: a culture of seven men weighs as much as one of a hundred and twenty.
A shallow test. An ancient man typed above the cut is spread over the branches under his node, by how many men each holds now. Today’s kits are treated the same way.
Who is admitted. A culture takes part when its sharply typed men cover 25% of the population on their own: branch by branch we add the smaller of the two shares, the culture’s and the population’s. One dug within 550 km needs only 0.5%.
The shares. We pick the weights of the cultures so that their mixture comes as close as it can to today’s set of branches.
Look-alike cultures. When cultures share almost all their branches, the data cannot say whose kin the men are. So we do not split the share between them: they get one bar.
The range. We recount everything on random subsets of the samples. In brackets are the bounds the share keeps in nine runs out of ten. A share that can fall below 5%, or below half of itself, is not shown at all.

What it does not mean. This is kinship of male lines, not the origin of a people. The female lines say nothing here. Who takes a test is a matter of chance, so the shares compare between countries, not with a census.

Ancient samples

From excavations on this territory: 759 samples by Y-DNA and 178 samples by mtDNA. The oldest: 121,780 BCE, NA.

Medieval German 184 · Polabian Slavs 91 · Wartberg culture 81 · Linear Pottery culture 55 · Thuringii 36

All ancient samples →

Data on this page: FamilyTreeDNA Y tree, 12 November 2026: 17,585 kits; FamilyTreeDNA mtDNA tree, 11 November 2026: 10,944 kits; YFull Y tree, 2 November 2026: 1,046 samples; YFull mtDNA tree, 2 November 2026: 380 samples.

How to cite: ftdnastat, "Germany: Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups", https://ftdnastat.github.io/en/c/germany/, data of 2026-11-14, build 20261114-18dba71.

The data is licensed under CC BY 4.0: take it, rework it, just credit ftdnastat.