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Countries and peoples

How countries and peoples differ from each other and from the world: where paternal and maternal lines part ways, who tests which line, which branches mark a people, which surnames keep to one branch.

Countries where paternal and maternal lines part ways #

Countries whose five most similar neighbours by the paternal line and by the maternal line barely coincide. Countries with 200+ samples on each line: in smaller ones the neighbour list changes from one sample to the next. In a typical country 3 of the five coincide (countries with 200+ samples: 51). To weed out noise we redraw the samples of the country and its nearest neighbours from their own branch shares 200 times and keep the country if at most one neighbour is shared in 95% of the draws or more. Countries checked: 5.

Who tests the father and who tests the mother #

mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) kits per one Y-DNA kit. 1 means equal numbers, 0.1 means almost only the paternal line is tested. Countries with 150+ kits in each tree.

more Ymore mtno data

The middle of the scale is the world as a whole: 0.49 mtDNA kits per Y-DNA kit. Open on the world map

As a list
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The most tested countries and regions #

FTDNA kits with a country per 100,000 men; population from the UN, the 2021 Russian census and Wikidata. A kit's country is the ancestor's homeland, so countries of emigration lead: their descendants in the US and Canada test more than anyone. Entities from 50 kits and 50 thousand men; in brackets, kits / men.

up to 1.31.3–5.85.8–20.120.1–43.243.2+no data

Open on the world map

As a list

Countries

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Regions

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YFull

Countries: how far paternal and maternal lines stray from the world mix #

How far a country's mix of major branches is from the world mix, separately for the paternal and the maternal line. The number is the difference in percent: 0% is the world mix, 100% is nothing in common. FTDNA kits, 49 countries with 150+ kits on each line. In 44 of 49 countries the paternal line is the more distinctive one.

maternal more distinctivepaternal more distinctiveno data
As a list
  • Croatia: by fathers 61% · by mothers 13% Δ +47 · n=228 / 279
  • Chechnya: by fathers 80% · by mothers 37% Δ +44 · n=1,170 / 431
  • Finland: by fathers 58% · by mothers 17% Δ +41 · n=6,064 / 7,397
  • Norway: by fathers 44% · by mothers 5% Δ +39 · n=2,046 / 3,706
  • Slovenia: by fathers 55% · by mothers 16% Δ +39 · n=182 / 242
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  • Estonia: by fathers 53% · by mothers 16% Δ +37 · n=164 / 241
  • Slovakia: by fathers 43% · by mothers 6% Δ +37 · n=378 / 582
  • Lithuania: by fathers 51% · by mothers 16% Δ +35 · n=686 / 1,053

The rare exceptions: the maternal line is the more distinctive one

  • Puerto Rico: by fathers 54% · by mothers 66% Δ −12 · n=162 / 597
  • Brazil: by fathers 34% · by mothers 43% Δ −8 · n=247 / 444
  • Iran: by fathers 58% · by mothers 61% Δ −3 · n=162 / 168
  • Kuwait: by fathers 64% · by mothers 66% Δ −3 · n=741 / 154
  • Mexico: by fathers 54% · by mothers 57% Δ −3 · n=1,048 / 1,785
YFull

Paternal and maternal lines: are they linked, and how much of it is just geography #

Both lines are known for one person, and they are not independent: knowing the paternal line lets you guess something about the maternal one. The link was measured over 11,261 YFull pairs with a known country (41 countries with 80+ pairs). Knowing only a person's country explains 1% of the whole link between their lines. Take only the pairs with a known region (2,532 pairs, 27 regions with 50+ pairs). On them the country explains 42% of the link, the region 21%.

YFull

Fathers tell the people apart, mothers do not #

Do paternal and maternal lines paint the same picture of a people? For each people we drew 40 samples at random and measured the diversity of their major branches (Shannon entropy), for Y and for mt separately. Percentages compare that mix with the world's in FTDNA data: 100% is the world's, more is more mixed than the world. Of 15 peoples the most uniform by mothers keeps 89% of the world's mix, the most uniform by fathers only 35%: by mothers, peoples can hardly be told apart.

Most homogeneous by fathers

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  • Finns: by fathers 59% · by mothers 94% n=99 / 83
  • Ashkenazi Jews: by fathers 64% · by mothers 89% n=60 / 59
  • Russians: by fathers 66% · by mothers 97% n=519 / 381

Most diverse by fathers

Different languages, close paternal lines #

Pairs of peoples who speak languages of different families, yet whose shares of major paternal branches are clearly closer than peoples of different families usually are that far apart.

  1. Germans (Indo-European) and Tatars (Turkic): similarity 64%, usual at this distance 15% · 2,700 km · shared branches: R-L1029 12%/9%, R-Y2898 8%/8%, R-Z2124 6%/18% · n = 119 / 160
  2. Russians (Indo-European) and Hungarians (Uralic): similarity 69%, usual at this distance 21% · 1,700 km · shared branches: R-Y2898 28%/16%, I-Y3548 6%/16%, R-Z92 17%/4% · n = 519 / 51
  3. Germans (Indo-European) and Hungarians (Uralic): similarity 71%, usual at this distance 30% · 810 km · shared branches: R-Y2898 8%/16%, I-Y3548 7%/16%, R-YP256 6%/6% · n = 119 / 51
  4. Poles (Indo-European) and Tatars (Turkic): similarity 58%, usual at this distance 18% · 2,160 km · shared branches: R-YP237 13%/10%, R-Z92 9%/13%, R-L1029 16%/9% · n = 227 / 160
  5. English (Indo-European) and Turks (Turkic): similarity 41%, usual at this distance 14% · 3,110 km · shared branches: R-CTS7822 2%/8%, G-Z6779 2%/8%, E-V22 3%/2% · n = 474 / 52
  6. Arabs (Afro-Asiatic) and English (Indo-European): similarity 26%, usual at this distance 8% · 5,010 km · shared branches: E-V22 4%/3%, E-U175 3%/2%, E-U174 2%/5% · n = 953 / 474
  7. Arabs (Afro-Asiatic) and Ashkenazi Jews (Indo-European): similarity 32%, usual at this distance 14% · 3,020 km · shared branches: J-YSC0000076 4%/13%, E-V22 4%/8%, T-Z709 6%/3% · n = 953 / 60
How we searched

We take YFull peoples with at least 50 Y samples mapped to major branches of the FTDNA tree: 19 peoples, 135 pairs from different language families by Glottolog. A people's profile is the shares of major branches, similarity is one minus the Jensen–Shannon distance between branch shares, as for similar countries. A people sits where most of its samples are, region or country. Over all cross-family pairs we fit similarity against distance: the usual similarity that far apart. Then we redraw each people's samples from itself 200 times and count how often the pair comes out no closer than the line; Benjamini–Hochberg at 5% corrects for testing many pairs. A pair must lie below the line by more than pairs usually stray from it, and one people gives at most 2 pairs. Small samples scatter more, so they pass less often. A shared branch shows its share in the first and in the second people.

YFull

Branch = people #

Branches of the YFull tree where almost every sample with a reported native language is from one people. Conditions: at least 80% of those who gave a language, with at least 30 such samples, and a language given for at least 25% of the branch's samples. The top-most such branches are shown. Only one customer in four reports a language, so the list reflects project activity as much as genetics.

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  • J-CTS7188: Chechens 112 / 137 (82%) samples in branch 147 · TMRCA 5,600 years
  • J-V2639 J-Y13637: Chechens 97 / 112 (87%) samples in branch 113 · TMRCA 9,900 years
  • J-FT6639: Chechens 91 / 95 (96%) samples in branch 95 · TMRCA 1,500 years
  • J-FGC4453: Arabs 90 / 104 (87%) samples in branch 251 · TMRCA 1,900 years
  • J-CTS1460a: Chechens 87 / 100 (87%) samples in branch 116 · TMRCA 5,900 years
  • J-Y11149: Ingush 85 / 88 (97%) samples in branch 96 · TMRCA 1,400 years
  • R-Y2910: Russians 77 / 94 (82%) samples in branch 154 · TMRCA 2,000 years
YFull

Diversity of paternal lines by people #

How varied a people's paternal lines are. So that large peoples do not win by size alone, 40 samples were drawn at random from each and the number of distinct major branches among them counted. The number in a row is that count per 40 people: 1 means everyone is in one branch, higher is more varied.

Most uniform

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Most diverse

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Surnames that cluster in one branch #

FTDNA shows the surnames of kits on its public tree. Usually the kits of one surname are spread over many branches: for half of the surnames the most common branch holds under 22% of the kits. Listed here are surnames with at least 50% of kits in one major branch, and that branch is at least 3 times more common among them than among all kits with surnames. This can mean a shared paternal ancestor. Surnames with 30+ kits; the scattered list starts at 100.

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  • Erwin: R-Z251 88% ×137 · 32 kits
  • Boggs: R-DF21 R1b-DF21 84% ×58 · 32 kits
  • Irwin: R-Z251 83% ×129 · 63 kits
  • Gann: R-Z301 81% ×423 · 32 kits
  • Alghamdi: J-M267 J1 81% ×61 · 36 kits
  • Maxwell: R-FGC5561 79% ×109 · 99 kits
  • Buchanan: R-S744 75% ×72 · 60 kits
  • Orr: R-L448 75% ×420 · 36 kits
  • McClure: R-Z253 R1b-Z253 74% ×87 · 39 kits
  • Frame: I-Z2895 73% ×549 · 55 kits
  • McMillan: R-Z156 R1b-Z156 72% ×229 · 36 kits
  • Pittman: R-Z304 R1b-Z304 72% ×138 · 89 kits
  • Kendall: R-DF49 68% ×147 · 68 kits
  • Huff: Q-M242 Q 67% ×202 · 45 kits
  • Woodward: I-M253 I1 67% ×13 · 30 kits

The most scattered surnames

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  • Smith: 1,108 kits · 8 haplogroups, 138 major branches · top branch R-L151 R1b-L151, 9%
  • Reynolds: 108 kits · 3 haplogroups, 25 major branches · top branch I-P109, 9%
  • Taylor: 268 kits · 5 haplogroups, 60 major branches · top branch R-L151 R1b-L151, 9%
  • Green: 107 kits · 6 haplogroups, 29 major branches · top branch R-L151 R1b-L151, 9%
  • Bennett: 152 kits · 5 haplogroups, 32 major branches · top branch R-L151 R1b-L151, 10%

Other topics: Branches · Kin · Ancient DNA · YFull and FTDNA