Branches

Branches that stand out: typical of a country, young yet spread across the world, old and still at home, sudden bursts, long single-line stretches, splits where one branch went far from the rest.

Most distinctive branches #

Branches that occur many times more often in one region than worldwide. ×10 means ten times the world share. Branches of at least 20 kits are included.

Chile · D1g (mt): 17.7% (95% confidence interval: 12–25%) ×889 · 25 kits
Chile · B2i (mt): 22.0% (95% confidence interval: 16–30%) ×783 · 31 kits
Nicaragua · A2w (mt): 42.3% (95% confidence interval: 30–56%) ×502 · 22 kits
South Africa · L0d (mt): 20.1% (95% confidence interval: 16–25%) ×445 · 53 kits
Japan · M7a (mt): 8.4% (95% confidence interval: 6–12%) ×381 · 25 kits

25 more

Philippines · E1a (mt): 12.2% (95% confidence interval: 8–18%) ×376 · 23 kits
Colombia · B2d (mt): 25.6% (95% confidence interval: 20–32%) ×368 · 55 kits
New Zealand · B4a (mt): 44.2% (95% confidence interval: 35–54%) ×253 · 46 kits
Japan · D4a (mt): 7.1% (95% confidence interval: 5–11%) ×246 · 21 kits
Philippines · M7c (mt): 12.8% (95% confidence interval: 9–18%) ×240 · 24 kits
Japan · D4e (mt): 7.4% (95% confidence interval: 5–11%) ×205 · 22 kits
Japan · D4b (mt): 8.1% (95% confidence interval: 6–12%) ×196 · 24 kits
Puerto Rico · A2z (mt): 7.6% (95% confidence interval: 6–10%) ×178 · 48 kits
Puerto Rico · A2k (mt): 9.7% (95% confidence interval: 8–12%) ×177 · 61 kits
Canada (First Nations) · C-M217 C2 (Y): 76.0% (95% confidence interval: 63–86%) ×177 · 38 kits
Colombia · A2w (mt): 14.0% (95% confidence interval: 10–19%) ×166 · 30 kits
Ingushetia · J-Z7675 (Y): 61.3% (95% confidence interval: 52–70%) ×152 · 73 kits
China · M7b (mt): 7.7% (95% confidence interval: 5–11%) ×150 · 24 kits
Taiwan · O-M324 (Y): 57.9% (95% confidence interval: 48–67%) ×138 · 55 kits
Panama · Q-M3 (Y): 64.1% (95% confidence interval: 52–75%) ×129 · 41 kits
India · M5a (mt): 5.3% (95% confidence interval: 3–8%) ×127 · 20 kits
Mongolia · C-M217 C2 (Y): 49.3% (95% confidence interval: 45–54%) ×115 · 224 kits
Dagestan · J-Z1842 J1-Z1842 (Y): 53.1% (95% confidence interval: 50–56%) ×106 · 565 kits
Orstkhoy (Aosta Valley in FTDNA) · L-M22 (Y): 58.9% (95% confidence interval: 52–66%) ×103 · 113 kits
Peru · B2 (mt): 24.7% (95% confidence interval: 17–35%) ×100 · 21 kits
China · O-M324 (Y): 40.5% (95% confidence interval: 38–43%) ×97 · 434 kits
China · O-M122 O2 (Y): 45.4% (95% confidence interval: 42–48%) ×96 · 487 kits
Kazakhstan · C-M217 C2 (Y): 39.6% (95% confidence interval: 36–43%) ×92 · 296 kits
Mongolia · C-M216 C (Y): 56.8% (95% confidence interval: 52–61%) ×89 · 258 kits
Taiwan · O-M175 O (Y): 87.4% (95% confidence interval: 79–93%) ×89 · 83 kits

Young but widespread branches #

The branch's common ancestor lived less than 2,000 years ago, yet the branch already makes up 1% or more in 5 or more countries (each with 100+ kits). This is what a recent expansion, a diaspora, or mistakes in the reported ancestral country look like.

J-FGC1: 1,800 years (1,600–2,100) · 1,479 kits · 17 countries · Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Syria, Iran, Bahrain, Qatar
J-FGC2: 1,500 years (1,300–1,800) · 1,130 kits · 15 countries · Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Syria, Iran, Bahrain, Qatar
R-DF105: 1,800 years (1,600–2,100) · 4,803 kits · 10 countries · United States, Ireland, Scotland, United Kingdom, Canada, Northern Ireland, Australia, Iceland
J-FGC7: 2,000 years (1,700–2,300) · 1,165 kits · 10 countries · Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Bahrain, Qatar, Morocco
R-L1065: 1,800 years (1,600–2,100) · 2,514 kits · 9 countries · United States, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, Northern Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Jamaica

3 more

R-S744: 1,600 years (1,400–1,900) · 1,854 kits · 8 countries · United States, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, Northern Ireland, South Africa, Jamaica, New Zealand
R-ZZ87: 1,800 years (1,600–2,100) · 3,179 kits · 7 countries · United States, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, Northern Ireland, Australia, Isle of Man
R-DF85: 1,700 years (1,500–2,000) · 1,475 kits · 5 countries · United States, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, Northern Ireland

Ancient branches that stayed home #

The branch's common ancestor lived more than 4,000 years ago, yet at least 50% of its kits still come from one country (branches with 200+ kits worldwide). These are lineages that never left home in thousands of years.

N-CTS3103: 4,700 years (4,100–5,400) · 9,032 kits · Finland 68% (95% confidence interval: 67–69%)
R-FGC12055: 4,200 years (3,700–4,900) · 2,348 kits · Ireland 57% (95% confidence interval: 55–59%)
J-FGC7638: 4,700 years (4,100–5,300) · 9,225 kits · Saudi Arabia 52% (95% confidence interval: 51–53%)
R-Z2961: 4,100 years (3,500–4,700) · 7,702 kits · Ireland 52% (95% confidence interval: 50–53%)

Star-like expansions #

How many of a branch's living lines already existed 500 years after its common ancestor. It shows how fast the branch grew at the start. The more people have tested, the more lines are seen, so Western Europe leads. Where branches of one expansion nest inside each other, only the one with more lines is shown. Branches with 200+ kits.

Each curve is one branch: how many of its lines that survive today were already alive at each moment. The steeper the rise on the left, the faster the branch grew. Hover over a curve or tap it.

As a list

R-P312 R1b-P312: 4,900 years (4,300–5,500) · 592 lines in the first 500 years · 64,921 kits · Ireland 22%, United States 18%, England 13%
R-DF105: 1,800 years (1,600–2,100) · 348 lines in the first 500 years · 4,803 kits · Ireland 51%, United States 19%, Scotland 13%
R-S744: 1,600 years (1,400–1,900) · 180 lines in the first 500 years · 1,854 kits · Scotland 47%, United States 20%, Ireland 13%
J-FGC2: 1,500 years (1,300–1,800) · 146 lines in the first 500 years · 1,130 kits · Saudi Arabia 45%, Kuwait 13%, Iraq 10%
I-Y3548: 2,300 years (2,000–2,600) · 145 lines in the first 500 years · 1,549 kits · Poland 12%, Ukraine 12%, Croatia 8%

15 more

J-FGC1721: 2,200 years (1,900–2,500) · 135 lines in the first 500 years · 4,777 kits · Saudi Arabia 51%, Kuwait 10%, Iraq 7%
R-L1029: 2,400 years (2,000–2,700) · 132 lines in the first 500 years · 2,007 kits · Poland 19%, Germany 17%, Russia 13%
Q-M902: 13k years (11k–15k) · 116 lines in the first 500 years · 521 kits · Mexico 50%, United States (Native American) 13%, United States 9%
E-PF2546: 2,400 years (2,100–2,800) · 116 lines in the first 500 years · 1,118 kits · Morocco 13%, Algeria 9%, Spain 9%
N-CTS7189: 1,100 years (1,000–1,300) · 111 lines in the first 500 years · 529 kits · Finland 91%, Sweden 5%, Russia 1%
I-S63: 4,500 years (4,000–5,200) · 102 lines in the first 500 years · 26,249 kits · Sweden 20%, United States 13%, England 13%
R-Z49 R1b-Z49: 4,300 years (3,800–5,000) · 95 lines in the first 500 years · 1,987 kits · United States 16%, England 15%, Germany 12%
R-Z17669: 1,600 years (1,400–1,800) · 94 lines in the first 500 years · 700 kits · Ireland 77%, United States 17%, Canada 1%
E-BY3880: 4,300 years (3,700–4,900) · 92 lines in the first 500 years · 3,325 kits · United States 12%, Germany 10%, England 9%
I-Y4751: 1,700 years (1,400–1,900) · 86 lines in the first 500 years · 849 kits · Ireland 33%, Scotland 20%, United States 19%
R-Z206: 3,400 years (3,000–4,000) · 85 lines in the first 500 years · 908 kits · United States 20%, England 17%, France 13%
J-FGC1723: 3,300 years (2,900–3,800) · 85 lines in the first 500 years · 8,610 kits · Saudi Arabia 52%, Kuwait 9%, Iraq 8%
R-Y1392: 2,300 years (2,000–2,700) · 84 lines in the first 500 years · 937 kits · Russia 33%, Poland 11%, Ukraine 9%
R-Z16252: 1,700 years (1,400–2,000) · 84 lines in the first 500 years · 615 kits · Ireland 71%, United States 15%, England 4%
N-Y4374: 800 years (700–1,000) · 84 lines in the first 500 years · 237 kits · Finland 99%, Russia 1%, Sweden 0%

The fastest expansion in the other haplogroups

G-CTS4803: 3,900 years (3,400–4,600) · 55 lines in the first 500 years · 850 kits · Germany 15%, United States 14%, England 14%
T-CTS6507: 4,200 years (3,700–4,900) · 33 lines in the first 500 years · 790 kits · United Arab Emirates 28%, Iraq 8%, Bahrain 7%
L-Y6258: 1,200 years (1,000–1,400) · 28 lines in the first 500 years · 311 kits · Chechnya 73%, Orstkhoy (Aosta Valley in FTDNA) 18%, Ingushetia 4%

Branches that long ran as a single line, by Discover dates #

A branch split from its sisters long ago, yet its common ancestor lived much later. Over that stretch it ran as a single line: the side branches did not survive to this day. The data cannot tell whether that is thin testing or a real decline. The less a branch is tested, the longer its stretch: every new test shortens it. Branches with 200+ kits, common ancestor no older than 30,000 years.

Each curve is one branch: the flat stretch at one is the time it ran as a single line. Hover over a curve or tap it.

As a list

A-M13 A1b1: 44k years as a single line · split off 56k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 13k years ago (11k–15k) · 288 kits · Saudi Arabia 47%, Kuwait 5%, Ireland 4%
E-M132: 31k years as a single line · split off 50k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 20k years ago (17k–23k) · 345 kits · United States 29%, Mali 7%, England 6%
E-M2 E-M2 (E1b1a): 23k years as a single line · split off 41k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 18k years ago (16k–21k) · 4,124 kits · United States 31%, Saudi Arabia 12%, Ghana 10%
H-M52: 21k years as a single line · split off 39k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 19k years ago (17k–22k) · 467 kits · India 37%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Sri Lanka 6%
G-M201 G: 20k years as a single line · split off 48k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 28k years ago (25k–32k) · 10,279 kits · Germany 10%, England 8%, Italy 7%

15 more

L-M20 L: 19k years as a single line · split off 43k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 24k years ago (21k–28k) · 1,923 kits · Chechnya 17%, India 8%, Turkey 7%
O-M119 O1a: 16k years as a single line · split off 31k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 16k years ago (14k–18k) · 205 kits · Philippines 34%, China 22%, Indonesia 8%
N-M231 N: 15k years as a single line · split off 38k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 23k years ago (20k–27k) · 10,546 kits · Finland 61%, Russia 10%, Sweden 9%
Q-L275: 15k years as a single line · split off 30k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 15k years ago (13k–18k) · 763 kits · Poland 11%, Ukraine 8%, Germany 8%
T-M184 T: 15k years as a single line · split off 43k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 28k years ago (25k–32k) · 3,597 kits · Saudi Arabia 14%, United Arab Emirates 8%, Italy 6%
Q-L527: 14k years as a single line · split off 17k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 3,700 years ago (3,100–4,300) · 411 kits · Sweden 71%, England 7%, Norway 7%
R-M479 R2: 13k years as a single line · split off 28k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 16k years ago (14k–18k) · 928 kits · India 20%, Saudi Arabia 8%, Kuwait 6%
C-F1906: 12k years as a single line · split off 34k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 22k years ago (19k–25k) · 516 kits · Kazakhstan 43%, Russia 8%, Canada (First Nations) 7%
J-M102 J2b: 12k years as a single line · split off 28k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 16k years ago (14k–18k) · 2,900 kits · Germany 11%, United States 7%, England 6%
J-M304 J: 11k years as a single line · split off 40k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 30k years ago (26k–34k) · 36,844 kits · Saudi Arabia 21%, Iraq 5%, Germany 4%
J-M267 J1: 11k years as a single line · split off 30k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 19k years ago (17k–22k) · 19,289 kits · Saudi Arabia 34%, Iraq 6%, Yemen 5%
E-L19: 11k years as a single line · split off 25k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 14k years ago (13k–16k) · 1,662 kits · Morocco 11%, Spain 9%, Algeria 7%
E-M35 E1b1b-M35: 11k years as a single line · split off 35k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 25k years ago (22k–29k) · 14,668 kits · Saudi Arabia 8%, Germany 7%, United States 6%
B-M218: 10,000 years as a single line · split off 39k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 29k years ago (25k–33k) · 244 kits · Saudi Arabia 57%, United States 11%, Kuwait 9%
O-PK4: 9,800 years as a single line · split off 23k years ago, while its common ancestor lived 13k years ago (12k–15k) · 506 kits · Indonesia 67%, China 8%, India 5%

Splits: one branch left the others #

At these tree nodes every child branch but one lives close together, and the one went more than 1,500 km away. A branch sits where most of its carriers are. Pick a split in the list and the map shows it.

Other branches todayThe branch that left, todayCommon ancestor and the ancestor of the branch that left

Split 13k years ago. The other 2 branches of J-Z1847 are densest in Ukraine; J-Z7671 is in Chechnya, 1,800 km away. Discover places their common ancestor in today's Turkey. · carriers of this branch in the geo projects: 449, FTDNA customers show it too
Split 11k years ago. The other 2 branches of I-Z161 are densest in United Kingdom; I-BY3797 is in Malta, 2,430 km away. Discover places their common ancestor in today's Romania. · FTDNA customers in this branch: 31
Split 5,800 years ago. The other 5 branches of J-CTS1460 are densest in Georgia; J-ZS10891 is in Saudi Arabia, 1,930 km away. Discover places their common ancestor in today's Georgia. · FTDNA customers in this branch: 11
Split 4,400 years ago. The other 3 branches of R-ZS312 are densest in Ireland; R-BY3214 is in Bulgaria, 2,520 km away. Discover places their common ancestor in today's England. · carriers of this branch in the geo projects: 13
Split 3,800 years ago. The other 2 branches of T-CTS9882 are densest in United Arab Emirates; T-CTS6901 is in Armenia, 1,980 km away. Discover places their common ancestor in today's Syria. · FTDNA customers in this branch: 21
Split 3,000 years ago. The other 2 branches of J-FGC4422 are densest in Iraq; J-BY527 is in Yemen, 2,190 km away. Discover places their common ancestor in today's Saudi Arabia. · carriers of this branch in the geo projects: 37
Split 2,900 years ago. The other 2 branches of R-CTS2509 are densest in England; R-FTC36176 is in Italy, 1,950 km away. Discover places their common ancestor in today's Belgium (Flanders). · carriers of this branch in the geo projects: 15
Split 2,800 years ago. The other 3 branches of I-S14887 are densest in Sweden; I-Y11203 is in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1,510 km away. Discover places their common ancestor in today's Germany. · carriers of this branch in the geo projects: 31, FTDNA customers show it too

How we searched

Two sources: FTDNA geo-project members on 1° cells (a family votes once) and FTDNA customers by country. For every child branch with at least 5 carriers in 3 places we found the spot with the most of them within 400 km. The other branches count as close when three quarters of them sit within 800 km of their centre; the branch that left is 1,500 km or more away and has 10 carriers or more. Carriers of one sub-branch at one place were shuffled between the branches as a whole, up to 50,000 times: a split is listed when such a gap almost never came out by chance (Benjamini–Hochberg, 5 %). The common ancestor's place is Discover's migration-path point, and our own model from the same customers where Discover has none.

YFull

Long single-lineage trunks by YFull dates #

Every YFull branch has two dates. The first is when it split from its parent branch. The second is when the common ancestor of its living members lived. In between, the branch ran as a single line: every side branch of that time either died out or has not been found yet. Whether that is thin sampling or a real bottleneck, the data cannot tell. Branches with 50+ samples whose gap exceeds the error margin: 122; 74 of them have a gap of at least 3,000 years, 41 keep it even at the edges of both error ranges. The longest are below; per row: split → common ancestor, the gap and its lower bound from the error ranges. Branches from the Discover list above are not repeated here.

A-M32: 126k years → 83k years, gap 42,400 years (at least 32,200) n=156
B-M182: 85k years → 59k years, gap 25,700 years (at least 18,400) n=160
B-M150: 59k years → 38k years, gap 21,100 years (at least 15,500) n=124
C-M217 C2: 49k years → 34k years, gap 14,800 years (at least 9,600) n=383
Q-L804: 15k years → 3,200 years, gap 11,600 years (at least 9,400) n=56

1 more

C-M48 C2-M48: 15k years → 3,700 years, gap 10,500 years (at least 8,500) n=58

STR ages against SNP ages #

A branch's age is how long ago the common ancestor of all its members lived. There are two ways to estimate it. SNPs are rare mutations, and Discover dates branches by them. STRs are the fast-changing markers in ordinary tests, and we date branches by them ourselves: the farther the descendants' haplotypes have drifted apart, the older the branch. By STR, branches usually come out 1.9 times younger than by SNP, and the older the branch, the wider the gap. Below are the branches where the two methods disagree most.

Each dot is a branch. Hover over a coloured dot or tap it.

The largest branchesWhere STR runs oldestWhere STR runs youngestSTR and SNP would agreethe usual ratio at that age

How it is counted

An STR age works like this: the farther the haplotypes have drifted from the most common (modal) one, the older the common ancestor. For 5,323 branches with 20 or more distinct 37-marker haplotypes (124,998 kits of open projects; identical haplotypes count once) that age is set against Discover's SNP estimate; 30 years a generation, the spread comes from random resamples of the haplotypes. STR to SNP (below one means STR is younger): median ×0.53, 19% of the branches land within a factor of 1.5. By SNP age band: under 1,000 years ×0.64 (41%, 253 branches); 1–3 thousand ×0.59 (31%, 2,042 branches); 3–10 thousand ×0.51 (12%, 2,571 branches); over 10 thousand ×0.29 (0%, 457 branches). The older the branch, the more STR understates it: the marker spread stops growing with time, so the lists below hold only branches under 10,000 years by SNP. On 67 markers (4,698 branches) the median is ×0.52.

As a list

The largest branches

Branches from 3,000 years by SNP hit the STR ceiling: their STR age barely grows any more, so no range is shown here.

R-M269 R1b-M269: STR 2,600 years, SNP 6,500 years (5,700–7,400) · ×0.41 · 49,726 kits
R-L23 R1b-L23: STR 2,600 years, SNP 6,400 years (5,600–7,300) · ×0.41 · 35,693 kits
R-L51 R1b-L51: STR 2,600 years, SNP 6,100 years (5,400–7,000) · ×0.42 · 34,193 kits
R-P310: STR 2,600 years, SNP 5,400 years (4,700–6,200) · ×0.48 · 34,027 kits
R-L151 R1b-L151: STR 2,600 years, SNP 5,100 years (4,400–5,800) · ×0.51 · 33,995 kits

7 more

R-P312 R1b-P312: STR 2,600 years, SNP 4,900 years (4,300–5,500) · ×0.53 · 24,166 kits
R-Z290: STR 2,500 years, SNP 4,800 years (4,200–5,400) · ×0.53 · 15,343 kits
R-L21 R1b-L21: STR 2,500 years, SNP 4,700 years (4,100–5,300) · ×0.54 · 15,335 kits
R-S552: STR 2,500 years, SNP 4,600 years (4,100–5,300) · ×0.55 · 14,485 kits
R-DF13 R1b-DF13: STR 2,500 years, SNP 4,600 years (4,000–5,200) · ×0.56 · 14,261 kits
R-M198 R1a-M198: STR 3,300 years, SNP 8,500 years (7,500–9,700) · ×0.39 · 10,571 kits
I-L840: STR 2,300 years, SNP 8,600 years (7,500–9,800) · ×0.27 · 8,981 kits

Where STR runs oldest

Branches of 100 kits or more whose STR-to-SNP ratio is off the usual one for their age band by a factor of 2 or more.

J-Z435 J2a-Z435: STR 5,800 years, SNP 3,800 years (3,200–4,300) · ×1.55 (usually ×0.51) · 356 kits
J-PF5430: STR 5,800 years, SNP 3,900 years (3,400–4,500) · ×1.49 (usually ×0.51) · 358 kits
J-PH3882: STR 5,000 years, SNP 3,500 years (3,000–4,200) · ×1.40 (usually ×0.51) · 101 kits
E-Y5437: STR 7,700 years, SNP 5,700 years (4,900–6,600) · ×1.35 (usually ×0.51) · 137 kits
J-L70: STR 5,300 years, SNP 4,000 years (3,400–4,600) · ×1.34 (usually ×0.51) · 421 kits

3 more

E-Y5420: STR 7,500 years, SNP 5,800 years (5,000–6,800) · ×1.28 (usually ×0.51) · 145 kits
T-Y7451: STR 1,700 years (900–2,400), SNP 1,300 years (1,100–1,500) · ×1.29 (usually ×0.59) · 125 kits
R-S7759: STR 2,900 years (2,600–3,700), SNP 2,400 years (2,000–2,800) · ×1.24 (usually ×0.59) · 117 kits

Where STR runs youngest

Branches of 100 kits or more whose STR-to-SNP ratio is off the usual one for their age band by a factor of 2 or more.

R-Z16946: STR 600 years, SNP 3,900 years (3,300–4,600) · ×0.16 (usually ×0.51) · 105 kits
L-Y6284: STR 1,100 years, SNP 6,900 years (6,000–8,000) · ×0.16 (usually ×0.51) · 247 kits
L-Y6259: STR 1,200 years, SNP 7,300 years (6,300–8,400) · ×0.16 (usually ×0.51) · 250 kits
I-L1287: STR 1,300 years, SNP 8,500 years (7,400–9,800) · ×0.16 (usually ×0.51) · 161 kits
L-Y6288: STR 1,200 years, SNP 7,400 years (6,500–8,600) · ×0.16 (usually ×0.51) · 252 kits

3 more

G-FGC12126: STR 1,400 years, SNP 8,400 years (7,300–9,700) · ×0.17 (usually ×0.51) · 130 kits
E-FGC45818: STR 1,200 years, SNP 6,400 years (5,600–7,400) · ×0.18 (usually ×0.51) · 315 kits
E-FGC79645: STR 1,200 years, SNP 6,400 years (5,600–7,400) · ×0.18 (usually ×0.51) · 319 kits

STR jumps in young branches #

In branches under a thousand years old a descendant's marker usually strays from the shared value by one step. On some markers it more often jumps two steps or more at once: there even close kin look distant.

DYS459

56.8%

YCAII

35.3% ×6

CDY

26.8% ×3

DYS388

21.9% ×6

DYS464

20.8% ×4

DYS385

15.9%

DYS392

12.4% ×3

DYS570

9.4% ×3

DYS576

8.2% ×2

DYS426

6.7%

DYS458

6.3%

DYS449

6.3%

The bar is the share of jumps among samples whose marker differs from the branch's shared value. Blue is a move of two steps or more, red is copies of a multi-copy marker that became equal (RecLOH). The black tick is an ordinary marker: the median two-step share of single-copy markers, 3.7%. ×N is how many times more often the marker moves two steps than an ordinary one.

Branches where a marker jumps more often than elsewhere

The marker moves two steps or more at least 5 times, and chance is an unlikely explanation even after correcting for 6,375 branch and marker pairs tested (Benjamini–Hochberg, 5 %).

J-FGC4473 · DYS464: 17 two-step moves of 20 differences, 2.8 on this marker in other branches · 54 samples · branch about 970 years old
N-FT189798 · CDY: 17 two-step moves of 24 differences, 2.7 on this marker in other branches · 38 samples · branch about 870 years old
N-YP1143 · DYS458: 9 two-step moves of 13 differences, 0.7 on this marker in other branches · 57 samples · branch about 980 years old
J-ZS7413 · DYS385: 5 two-step moves of 5 differences, 0.3 on this marker in other branches · 15 samples · branch about 980 years old
J-BY80 · DYS385: 6 two-step moves of 8 differences, 0.5 on this marker in other branches · 18 samples · branch about 980 years old

7 more

I-FT46011 · DYS464: 7 two-step moves of 7 differences, 1.0 on this marker in other branches · 16 samples · branch about 360 years old
J-FGC4493 · CDY: 6 two-step moves of 6 differences, 0.7 on this marker in other branches · 12 samples · branch about 790 years old
R-Z17299 · CDY: 12 two-step moves of 24 differences, 2.7 on this marker in other branches · 36 samples · branch about 830 years old
O-Y23809 · DYS464: 6 two-step moves of 6 differences, 0.9 on this marker in other branches · 15 samples · branch about 680 years old
R-FGC19447 · DYS576: 8 two-step moves of 16 differences, 1.3 on this marker in other branches · 27 samples · branch about 980 years old
I-FGC21735 · DYS570: 7 two-step moves of 11 differences, 1.0 on this marker in other branches · 16 samples · branch about 990 years old
J-Z38987 · DYS570: 6 two-step moves of 8 differences, 0.7 on this marker in other branches · 29 samples · branch about 760 years old

How we searched

We take samples with the 37-marker panel from the tables of open FTDNA projects and from our collection. Each sample goes to the topmost branch of its line younger than 1,000 years by Discover, so it counts once. A branch needs at least 10 distinct haplotypes: 447 branches, about 8,818 samples per marker. A difference is a sample's marker off the branch's most frequent value; a jump is 2 steps or more off, and for markers with several copies also copies that became equal while the branch's differ (RecLOH). We take the share of jumps among differences. Two-step moves are set against an ordinary marker, the median of single-copy markers; equal copies have nothing to compare with, so they are shown apart. A fast marker has more steps and more jumps alike, so the share does not depend on the mutation rate.

Branch thickness: ancient and modern #

How many ancient samples and how many living carriers fall on one subbranch, as a multiple of the parent branch. Few ancient samples in a branch usually mean little digging there (Africa, Arabia, India), not few people. Living carriers are more numerous where people test more.

Tree: Letter:

By ancient samples: thickest

J-Z1865›J-Z1853›J-L862›J-PF4843›J-YSC0000235›J-Z27682 ×71.8 41 ancient over 24 subbranches
N-F4342›N-CTS6967›N-CTS3103›N-Z1936›N-CTS1223›N-Y13851 ×27.2 38 ancient over 61 subbranches
R-M173›R-M343›R-L754›R-L761›R-L389›R-BY15337 ×10.2 43 ancient over 56 subbranches
N-L1026›N-F4342›N-CTS6967›N-CTS3103›N-Y6058›N-B197 ×9.9 65 ancient over 67 subbranches
R-M343›R-L754›R-L761›R-L389›R-P297›R-M73 ×9.4 74 ancient over 122 subbranches

3 more

P-P284›P-P226›R-M207›R-M173›R-M343›R-BY14355 ×8.8 34 ancient over 47 subbranches
N-F1419›N-L839›N-L708›N-M2005›N-CTS9239›N-M2019 ×7.5 27 ancient over 50 subbranches
K-M526›K-M2308›K-F549›NO-M214›N-M231›N-B482 ×7.5 35 ancient over 34 subbranches

By ancient samples: thinnest

R-Z290›R-L21›R-S552›R-DF13›R-ZZ10_1›R-Z16423 ×0.03 0 ancient over 761 subbranches
R-S552›R-DF13›R-ZZ10_1›R-Z253›R-Z2534›R-FGC5618 ×0.04 0 ancient over 439 subbranches
R-Z290›R-L21›R-S552›R-DF13›R-DF21›R-Z16267 ×0.05 0 ancient over 393 subbranches
I-CTS616›I-FGC15071›I-M284›I-FGC14213›I-L1195›I-L137 ×0.05 1 ancient over 519 subbranches
R-Z93›R-Z94›R-Z2124›R-Z2122›R-F1345›R-CTS6 ×0.08 0 ancient over 243 subbranches

3 more

I-L1498›I-FGC7094›I-FGC7087›I-S2703›I-AMM061›I-Y3723 ×0.12 1 ancient over 189 subbranches
T-CTS2860›T-Z711›T-Y4956›T-CTS6507›T-FGC80980›T-Y4963 ×0.13 1 ancient over 266 subbranches
H-M52›H-L182›H-M82›H-M2745›H-M2772›H-SK1225 ×0.14 0 ancient over 122 subbranches

By living carriers: thickest

I-PF3964›I-PF4088›I-CTS1758›I-Y2177›I-CTS11338›I-CTS787 ×3.0 464 carriers over 40 subbranches
K-F549›NO-M214›O-M175›O-F265›O-M268›O-P49 ×2.7 1,084 carriers over 94 subbranches
Q-CTS3814›Q-CTS11969›Q-M3›Q-M902›Q-FTK600›Q-CTS11357 ×2.5 1,197 carriers over 139 subbranches
T-CTS2860›T-Z711›T-Y4956›T-CTS6507›T-FGC80980›T-CTS6280 ×2.5 278 carriers over 34 subbranches
J-L136›J-Z1874›J-P58›J-CTS9721›J-S4924›J-S4923 ×2.0 1,086 carriers over 117 subbranches

3 more

J-PF4843›J-YSC0000235›J-PF4638›J-Z27715›J-YSC0000234›J-ZS241 ×2.0 2,052 carriers over 342 subbranches
R-FTT8›R-Z381›R-Z301›R-L48›R-Y37962›R-BY1728 ×1.9 148 carriers over 21 subbranches
R-Z46516›R-ZZ11›R-DF27›R-ZZ12_1›R-Z2552›R-Z2554 ×1.9 525 carriers over 50 subbranches

By living carriers: thinnest

R-Y2604›R-FGC2608›R-Z2935›R-CTS11962›R-L1029›R-FGC66323 ×0.24 385 carriers over 246 subbranches
J-Z2411›J-Z529›J-Z1827›J-Z593›J-M241›J-Z2444 ×0.26 160 carriers over 137 subbranches
R-PF6155›R-M458›R-PF7521›R-Y2604›R-L260›R-YP1337 ×0.28 288 carriers over 179 subbranches
HIJK-PF3494›IJK-L15›K-M9›K-M526›K-YSC0000186›MS-Z31109 ×0.28 198 carriers over 153 subbranches
O-CTS11458›O-PK4›O-M95›O-M1310›O-F2028›O-FT91958 ×0.28 71 carriers over 280 subbranches

3 more

R-DF27›R-ZZ12_1›R-FTT2›R-FTT3›R-Z225›R-Y16019 ×0.29 197 carriers over 119 subbranches
J-S4925›J-L818›J-S4985›J-ZS2723›J-L816›J-BY26577 ×0.30 159 carriers over 98 subbranches
Q-CTS3814›Q-CTS11969›Q-M3›Q-M902›Q-FTK600›Q-BY15728 ×0.30 8 carriers over 54 subbranches

mt branches: thickest and thinnest

By ancient samples: thickest

L2'3'4'6›L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›M›M8 ×2.1 518 ancient over 191 subbranches
L1'2'3'4'5'6'7›L1›L1b ×1.9 17 ancient over 36 subbranches
L3›M›M80'D›D›D4›D4j ×1.8 138 ancient over 32 subbranches
N›X›X1'2'3›X2›X2-G225A›X2b'd ×1.6 218 ancient over 24 subbranches
L2'3'4'6›L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›M›M9 ×1.5 133 ancient over 67 subbranches

3 more

L3›N›R›R0›HV›HV0 ×1.5 650 ancient over 71 subbranches
L2'3'4'6›L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›M›M12'G ×1.4 170 ancient over 91 subbranches
L0›L0a'b'f'g'k ×1.3 20 ancient over 65 subbranches

By ancient samples: thinnest

L0 ×0.17 33 ancient over 156 subbranches
L1'2'3'4'5'6'7›L2'3'4'5'6'7›L2'3'4'6›L2 ×0.20 38 ancient over 131 subbranches
L1'2'3'4'5'6'7›L1 ×0.21 19 ancient over 99 subbranches
L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›N›R›R-T16189C! ×0.22 297 ancient over 331 subbranches
L3'4›L3›N›R›U›U6 ×0.27 64 ancient over 88 subbranches

3 more

L2'3'4'5'6'7›L2'3'4'6›L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›L3e'i'k'x ×0.29 40 ancient over 87 subbranches
L1'2'3'4'5'6'7›L2'3'4'5'6'7›L5'7 ×0.32 5 ancient over 46 subbranches
L2'3'4'5'6'7›L2'3'4'6›L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›M ×0.34 1,646 ancient over 1,339 subbranches

By living carriers: thickest

L2'3'4'6›L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›M›M8 ×2.6 6,657 carriers over 191 subbranches
L3›M›M80'D›D›D4›D1 ×2.5 1,097 carriers over 39 subbranches
N›R›R-T16189C!›B4'5›B4›B4b'd'e'j ×1.9 3,731 carriers over 103 subbranches
L0›L0a'b'f'g'k ×1.9 1,879 carriers over 65 subbranches
R›R0›HV›H›H1›H1a ×1.5 6,860 carriers over 24 subbranches

3 more

L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›M›M9›E ×1.4 271 carriers over 31 subbranches
R›R0›HV›H›H1›H1-T16189C! ×1.4 9,932 carriers over 39 subbranches
L2'3'4'6›L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›M›M1'20'51 ×1.3 1,024 carriers over 56 subbranches

By living carriers: thinnest

L2'3'4'5'6'7›L2'3'4'6›L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›M ×0.14 16,692 carriers over 1,339 subbranches
L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›N›R›R9 ×0.21 1,376 carriers over 124 subbranches
L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›N›R›R-T16189C! ×0.22 8,279 carriers over 331 subbranches
L0 ×0.24 2,099 carriers over 156 subbranches
L3'4›L3›N›R›U›U6 ×0.30 1,753 carriers over 88 subbranches

3 more

L2'3'4'6›L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›N›N9 ×0.31 513 carriers over 56 subbranches
L1'2'3'4'5'6'7›L2'3'4'5'6'7›L5'7 ×0.32 78 carriers over 46 subbranches
L3'4'6›L3'4›L3›N›R›P ×0.44 73 carriers over 27 subbranches

How we searched

We take FTDNA branches with at least 20 subbranches: 8,360 branches, 5,378 of them with ancient samples at the parent. For a branch we count Discover ancient samples and living carriers over its whole subtree and divide by the number of subbranches, then compare with the same for the parent. So that a small branch does not stand out by chance, we add 20 subbranches at the parent's level. The thick-by-ancient lists take branches with at least 5 such samples, the thin ones those where the parent's level would give at least 5. A branch whose kin is already listed is not repeated. On the scatter a grid step means twice; the living-carrier scale is stretched and extreme values are pinned to the edge. Before a branch is its breadcrumb trail from the letter's root: the thicker the line under a name, the further that branch stands from its parent. For mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) the same on FTDNA's public mt tree: 269 branches, 266 of them with ancient samples at the parent; ancient samples come from Discover's Mitotree, each placed on a public branch by its haplogroup's name or by the pair of a renamed branch.

Where one branch holds a large share of kits #

Cases where a single finest branch gathers a large share of a region's kits. This happens when one surname or clan project carries the region.

Colombia · B2d (mt): 25.6% (95% confidence interval: 20–32%) · 55 kits
Puerto Rico · C1b2 (mt): 17.0% (95% confidence interval: 14–20%) · 107 kits
Belarus · K1a1b1a (mt): 11.2% (95% confidence interval: 9–14%) · 83 kits

Branches crowded on the map #

A branch that is markedly commoner in one 1° cell than within 300 km around it. Confirmed SNPs only, and at least 3 different places, or it is one family.

R-Z31644 · Armenia, around 39.5° N, 46.5° E: 39%, and not one around. That is 14 men out of 36 from 5 different places.
C-M217 · Poland, around 52.5° N, 22.5° E: 16% against 0.3% around, ×50. That is 7 men out of 43 from 5 different places.
G-Z726 · Sweden, around 64.5° N, 21.5° E: 27% against 0.9% around, ×30. That is 13 men out of 48 from 11 different places.
I-S2293 · Chuvashia, around 55.5° N, 46.5° E: 18% against 0.9% around, ×20. That is 7 men out of 39 from 7 different places.
R-Z287 · Isle of Man, around 54.5° N, 4.5° W: 16% against 0.8% around, ×20. That is 7 men out of 43 from 7 different places.
I-S7660 · Northern Ireland, around 54.5° N, 7.5° W: 4% against 0.3% around, ×12. That is 7 men out of 182 from 7 different places.
I-L813 · Scotland, around 55.5° N, 5.5° W: 18% against 1.6% around, ×12. That is 7 men out of 38 from 7 different places.
R-Z49 · Norway, around 62.5° N, 6.5° E: 14% against 1.2% around, ×12. That is 12 men out of 84 from 12 different places.

Other topics: Countries and peoples · Kin · Ancient DNA · YFull and FTDNA