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Netherlands: ancient DNA

68
Y-DNA
samples
59
mtDNA
samples

People whose remains archaeologists found and whose DNA labs have read. The date is the middle of the dating interval, radiocarbon or by archaeological context. Branches link to branch pages where one exists. All archaeological cultures

Y-DNA

By period #

8,000–7,000 BCE
2 · 2.9%
7,000–6,000 BCE
2 · 2.9%
6,000–5,000 BCE
1 · 1.5%
5,000–4,000 BCE
3 · 4.4%
4,000–3,000 BCE
3 · 4.4%
3,000–2,000 BCE
10 · 14.7%
2,000–1,000 BCE
6 · 8.8%
1,000–0 BCE
3 · 4.4%
0–1,000 CE
33 · 48.5%
1,000–2,000 CE
5 · 7.4%
Y-DNA

Branches #

R-P312
5 · 7.4%
I-CTS5375
3 · 4.4%
R-U106
3 · 4.4%
R-Z304
3 · 4.4%
I-PF3892
2 · 2.9%
R-Z302
2 · 2.9%
R-FGC39800
2 · 2.9%
R-Z17112
2 · 2.9%
R-FGC15465
2 · 2.9%
I-P222
1 · 1.5%
I-P215
1 · 1.5%
I-L596
1 · 1.5%
Y-DNA

Cultures #

All archaeological cultures

mtDNA

By period #

3,000–2,000 BCE
4 · 6.8%
2,000–1,000 BCE
13 · 22.0%
1,000–0 BCE
5 · 8.5%
0–1,000 CE
37 · 62.7%
mtDNA

Branches #

T2b6a
3 · 5.1%
H5a1
2 · 3.4%
U5a1a1
2 · 3.4%
H1
2 · 3.4%
J1c1
2 · 3.4%
K1a3a1
2 · 3.4%
N1a1a1a2
2 · 3.4%
H6a1b4
2 · 3.4%
T2b4
2 · 3.4%
X2b4
1 · 1.7%
T2b21
1 · 1.7%
U5a2b3
1 · 1.7%

Paternal lines of the ancients #

Source: FamilyTreeDNA Discover.

Paternal lines of the ancients
Sample Culture Site Date Branch Study
Doggerland 1 DOG001 Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer Doggerland 7,388 BCE I-P222 ? Posth et al. 2023
Doggerland 7 DOG007 Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer Doggerland 7,218 BCE I-PF3892 ? Posth et al. 2023
Doggerland 9 DOG009 Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer Doggerland 6,797 BCE I-P215 Posth et al. 2023
Doggerland 2 DOG002 Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer Doggerland 6,311 BCE I-CTS5375 ? Posth et al. 2023
Hardinxveld 38450 I38450 Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer Hardinxveld-Polderweg, Hardinxveld-Giessendam, South Holland 5,375 BCE I-L596 ? Olalde et al. 2026
Het Klooster 1 I12091 Swifterbant Het Klooster, Nieuwegein, Utrecht 4,325 BCE I-S2703 ? Olalde et al. 2026
Swifterbant 2 SWA002 Swifterbant Swifterbant, Dronten, Flevoland 4,105 BCE I-S2770 ? Olalde et al. 2026
Swifterbant 4 SWA004 Swifterbant Swifterbant, Dronten, Flevoland 4,105 BCE I-V4921 Olalde et al. 2026
Angeren 2 I38442 Neolithic Low Countries Angeren-Kampsepad Zuid, Lingewaard, Gelderland 4,000 BCE I-PF3892 ? Olalde et al. 2026
Schipluiden 38448 I38448 Hazendonk Schipluiden-Harnaschpolder, Midden-Delfland, South Holland 3,869 BCE I-S2639 ? Olalde et al. 2026
Schipluiden 38121 I38121 Hazendonk Schipluiden-Harnaschpolder, Midden-Delfland, South Holland 3,525 BCE C-FTC346 Olalde et al. 2026
Mienakker 90 I12902 Corded Ware Mienakker, Opmeer, North Holland 2,713 BCE R-A2150 Akbari et al. 2026; Olalde et al. 2026
De Tuithoorn 5748 I5748 Bell Beaker De Tuithoorn, Oostwoud 2,433 BCE R-Z302 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Kromme Elleboog 13028 I13028 Bell Beaker Kromme Elleboog, Ottoland 2,300 BCE R-DF88 Olalde et al. 2026; Patterson et al. 2022
Kromme Elleboog 12900 I12900 Bell Beaker Kromme Elleboog, Ottoland 2,289 BCE R-Z302 ? Olalde et al. 2026; Patterson et al. 2022
De Tuithoorn 5750 I5750 Bell Beaker De Tuithoorn, Oostwoud 2,100 BCE R-P312 ? Olalde et al. 2018
De Tuithoorn 4073 I4073 Bell Beaker De Tuithoorn, Oostwoud 2,050 BCE R-P312 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Oostwoud 4068 I4068 Bell Beaker De Tuithoorn, Oostwoud 2,042 BCE R-P312 ? Olalde et al. 2018
De Tuithoorn 4074 I4074 Bell Beaker De Tuithoorn, Oostwoud 2,042 BCE R-P312 ? Olalde et al. 2018
De Tuithoorn 4069 I4069 Bell Beaker De Tuithoorn, Oostwoud 2,016 BCE R-P312 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Molenaarsgraaf 13025 I13025 Bell Beaker Molenaarsgraaf, Molenaarsgraaf 2,008 BCE R-U106 ? Patterson et al. 2022
De Tuithoorn 39211 I39211 Bell Beaker De Tuithoorn, Oostwoud, North Holland 1,857 BCE R-DF19 ? Olalde et al. 2026
De Tuithoorn 4070 I4070 Bell Beaker De Tuithoorn, Oostwoud 1,753 BCE R-U106 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Zwaagdijk 26830 I26830 Bronze Age Low Countries Wervershoof-Zwaagdijk, Noord-Holland 1,479 BCE R-S4281 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Zwaagdijk 26829 I26829 Bronze Age Low Countries Wervershoof-Zwaagdijk, Noord-Holland 1,450 BCE R-PF7589 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Binnenwijzend 11972 I11972 Bronze Age Low Countries Westwoud-Binnenwijzend, Noord-Holland 1,410 BCE R-Z381 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Krabbeplas 17019 I17019 Bronze Age Low Countries Krabbeplas, Vlaardingen 1,320 BCE R-Z304 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Dorregeest 12907 I12907 Iron Age Low Countries Uitgeest-Dorregeest, Noord-Holland 226 BCE R-Z304 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Valkenburg 107767 CGG107767 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 37 BCE R-FTA52678 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107765 CGG107765 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 16 BCE E-Z38334 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107756 CGG107756 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 32 CE R-BY76840 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107746 CGG107746 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 37 CE R-BY116224 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107754 CGG107754 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 68 CE R-FTH161 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107748 CGG107748 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 70 CE R-FT1573 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107741 CGG107741 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 71 CE R-L135 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107768 CGG107768 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 74 CE I-A12096 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107762 CGG107762 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 100 CE I-L22 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107753 CGG107753 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 100 CE J-Z45612 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107757 CGG107757 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 100 CE R-BY98124 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107758 CGG107758 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 100 CE R-FTK14334 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107761 CGG107761 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 100 CE R-Z17112 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107752 CGG107752 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 110 CE R-BY67090 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107750 CGG107750 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 110 CE R-FTC43671 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107738 CGG107738 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 111 CE R-L23 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107766 CGG107766 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 115 CE R-BY195113 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107745 CGG107745 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 139 CE R-FGC20580 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107735 CGG107735 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 140 CE R-Z304 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107736 CGG107736 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 147 CE G-P303 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107747 CGG107747 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 172 CE R-PH2047 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107763 CGG107763 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 179 CE R-FTH169 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Valkenburg 107751 CGG107751 Iron Age Low Countries Valkenburg Marktveld, Leiden 185 CE R-FGC28733 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Hogebeintum 24694 CGG024694 Frisian Hogebeintum, Friesland 338 CE I-FTB59095 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Oosterbeintum 24700 CGG024700 Frisian Oosterbeintum, Friesland 550 CE J-FGC5206 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Hogebeintum 24691 CGG024691 Frisian Hogebeintum, Friesland 550 CE R-BY19494 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Hogebeintum 24692 CGG024692 Frisian Hogebeintum, Friesland 550 CE R-FGC15471 ? McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Oosterbeintum 24702 CGG024702 Frisian Oosterbeintum, Friesland 550 CE R-FTH152 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Groningen 23 I44976 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 730 CE R-FTD34601 Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 21 I44977 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 818 CE I-BY35255 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 17 I44970 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 875 CE R-A5922 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 13 I44964 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 883 CE R-BY56865 Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 2 I44944 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 885 CE I-FT134166 Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 12 I44967 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 908 CE R-S1855 Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 19 I44972 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 945 CE I-BY200839 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 7 I43205 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 1,008 CE R-BY114560 Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 8 GRO008 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 1,013 CE R-S19367 ? Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 5 I44948 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 1,040 CE R-FTD99628 Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 24 GRO024 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 1,070 CE R-Z207 ? Gretzinger et al. 2022
Groningen 16 I44969 Germanic Groningen, Groningen 1,100 CE R-FT126979 Akbari et al. 2026; Gretzinger et al. 2022

Maternal lines of the ancients #

Source: YFull; no culture given.

Maternal lines of the ancients
Sample Site Date Branch
86640 Noord-Holland 2,395 BCE X2b4
102118 Zuid-Holland 2,090 BCE T2b21
87475 Noord-Holland 2,047 BCE U5a2b3
87039 Noord-Holland 2,030 BCE H5a1
102178 Noord-Holland 1,855 BCE K1b1a
102206 Noord-Holland 1,802 BCE R1b1
87049 Noord-Holland 1,759 BCE H6a1a
101905 Noord-Holland 1,450 BCE H2a2
102185 Noord-Holland 1,450 BCE U5a1a1
101896 Noord-Holland 1,450 BCE U4a3
101963 Noord-Holland 1,350 BCE K1d-a
101955 Noord-Holland 1,323 BCE H5a1
101948 Noord-Holland 1,306 BCE U5a1c3b
102175 Noord-Holland 1,250 BCE T2e1
102269 Noord-Holland 1,164 BCE U5a1b
101960 Noord-Holland 1,154 BCE J2b1a1b
102002 Noord-Holland 1,113 BCE H3cj
101926 Noord-Holland 863 BCE H1br1a1
102227 Gelderland 650 BCE U5b1c2b
102167 Zeeland 248 BCE W1c
149003 Zuid-Holland 184 BCE H2a2a1
102097 Noord-Holland 89 BCE H86
148667 Zuid-Holland 32 CE H2a2b
148665 Zuid-Holland 54 CE K1-a4
148654 Zuid-Holland 68 CE J1c3g
149000 Zuid-Holland 70 CE J1c1p
148648 Zuid-Holland 70 CE J1c1p
148669 Zuid-Holland 74 CE K1a3a1c
148656 Zuid-Holland 111 CE T2c1d1
148643 Zuid-Holland 117 CE U5a1a1
149006 Zuid-Holland 119 CE T2b6a
148999 Zuid-Holland 138 CE N1a1a1a2a5
149002 Zuid-Holland 138 CE N1a1a1a2a5
148637 Zuid-Holland 140 CE H6a1b4c2
148642 Zuid-Holland 140 CE H6a1b4c2
148997 Zuid-Holland 146 CE HV0-a
149005 Zuid-Holland 148 CE I2i
149001 Zuid-Holland 172 CE H4a1a1a3a
148646 Zuid-Holland 172 CE H1-f
148653 Zuid-Holland 173 CE K1a4p
149004 Zuid-Holland 173 CE H1ae
148657 Zuid-Holland 173 CE T2b4-a
148659 Zuid-Holland 173 CE U5b2a2f
148661 Zuid-Holland 173 CE K1a3a1
148662 Zuid-Holland 173 CE I2a
148664 Zuid-Holland 179 CE U5a2c1
149007 Zuid-Holland 182 CE HV16a
148650 Zuid-Holland 186 CE U5a1b1
148998 Zuid-Holland 200 CE T2b6a2
148649 Zuid-Holland 200 CE T2b6a2
149051 Friesland 338 CE T2b4-a
148829 Friesland 476 CE J2a1a1a3b
148710 Friesland 648 CE V
149011 Friesland 648 CE U5a1a1d1
148827 Friesland 648 CE H1c1-a
148828 Friesland 648 CE H1g1
149052 Friesland 648 CE V7a2
149053 Friesland 648 CE U5a1b1d-a
148830 Friesland 648 CE A1a3