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Ertebølle culture

The Ertebølle culture (c. 5,400–3,950 BCE) was a pottery-making hunter-gatherer and fisher culture at the end of the Mesolithic, concentrated in Southern Scandinavia. It is named after the type site at the village of Ertebølle on Limfjorden in Danish Jutland, where the National Museum of Denmark excavated heaps of oyster shells in the 1890s and judged them kitchen middens, hence the less common name Kitchen Midden culture. It is approximately identical to the Ellerbek culture of Schleswig-Holstein, so the combined name Ertebølle-Ellerbek is often used. The people did not practice agriculture but used domestic grain, which they must have obtained from the south. The culture replaced the earlier Kongemose culture.

Sources: Эртебёлле — Википедия; Ertebølle culture — Wikipedia

14
Y-DNA
samples
12
mtDNA
samples
5,159 BCE – 3,231 BCE
Period

Compare with other cultures →

All Y-DNA samples of this culture from the FamilyTreeDNA Discover database. All archaeological cultures

Y-DNA

By period · Y-DNA #

0 2 4 6 6,000–5,000 BCE: 4 4 6,000 BCE 5,000–4,000 BCE: 4 4 5,000 BCE 4,000–3,000 BCE: 6 6 4,000 BCE
Y-DNA

Branches · Y-DNA #

Tree of the ancient samples' branches. Each branch counts every sample in it and in its sub-branches; sub-branches are indented. With so few samples every labelled branch is shown, single samples included; pass-through branches with no side branches are skipped. Age is how many years ago the branch's common ancestor lived (TMRCA), from FTDNA.

Each colour is one of the eight most common macro-haplogroups worldwide (the first letter of the haplogroup, such as R or J). Everything else is grey.RIJENGQTother
I2 I-P215
13 · 93% (13 of 14, 95% confidence interval: 69–99%) 25k years
I2a I-P37
8 · 57% (8 of 14, 95% confidence interval: 33–79%) 20k years
I2b-CTS616 I-CTS616
1 of 14 (1 of 14, 95% confidence interval: 1–31%) 13k years
Q Q-M242
1 of 14 (1 of 14, 95% confidence interval: 1–31%) 30k years
mtDNA

Branches · mtDNA #

Tree of the ancient samples' mt branches, grouped by letter. Each branch counts every sample in it and in its sub-branches; sub-branches are indented. Branches of at least 1% of the samples, and of at least 3 samples, are shown; pass-through branches with no side branches are skipped. Age is how many years ago the branch's common foremother lived (TMRCA), from FTDNA. Maternal lines come from the Mitotree of FTDNA Discover, which holds its own samples of the culture, not the Y-DNA ones.

Each colour is one of the eight most common macro-haplogroups worldwide (the first letter of the haplogroup, such as R or J). Everything else is grey.HUTJKVLIother
U5b2
3 of 12 (3 of 12, 95% confidence interval: 9–53%) 19k years
J
2 of 12 (2 of 12, 95% confidence interval: 5–45%) 36k years
K
2 of 12 (2 of 12, 95% confidence interval: 5–45%) 30k years
H
1 of 12 (1 of 12, 95% confidence interval: 1–35%) 11k years
R
1 of 12 (1 of 12, 95% confidence interval: 1–35%) 58k years

Where found #

Studies #

  • Allentoft et al. 2024 13
  • Posth et al. 2023 1

Samples on a time scale #

A dot is a sample, a line is the range it is dated to, the colour is its haplogroup. A hollow dot: its placement on the tree is uncertain.

6,000 7,000 7,200 years ago · I · I-S2770 7,100 years ago · I · I-V4921 7,100 years ago · I · I-S2770 · placement on the tree is uncertain 7,100 years ago · I · I-L596 6,900 years ago · I · I-FT344596 6,800 years ago · I · I-S2497 · placement on the tree is uncertain 6,400 years ago · I · I-BY420 6,200 years ago · I · I-BY420 5,900 years ago · I · I-FTG563 5,600 years ago · I · I-FT4093 · placement on the tree is uncertain 5,600 years ago · I · I-L161 · placement on the tree is uncertain 5,400 years ago · Q · Q-Y2700 · placement on the tree is uncertain 5,400 years ago · I · I-FGC7095 · placement on the tree is uncertain 5,300 years ago · I · I-CTS10057 · placement on the tree is uncertain
Years ago. The scale tightens towards the past: the further back, the closer the centuries.
IQplacement on the tree is uncertain

Paternal lines of the ancients #

Source: FamilyTreeDNA Discover. “?” means Discover is unsure of the sample's place on the tree. 7 of 14 samples are marked.

Paternal lines of the ancients
Sample Site Region Date Branch Study
Drigge 1 DRI001 Drigge, Rügen island Germany 5,159 BCE I-S2770 Posth et al. 2023
Henriksholm 749 NEO749 Henriksholm-Bøgebakken (Vedbæk), Zealand Denmark 5,122 BCE I-V4921 Allentoft et al. 2024
Koed 586 NEO586 Koed, Jutland Denmark 5,080 BCE I-S2770 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Henriksholm 746 NEO746 Henriksholm-Bøgebakken (Vedbæk), Zealand Denmark 5,036 BCE I-L596 Allentoft et al. 2024
Henriksholm 745 NEO745 Henriksholm-Bøgebakken (Vedbæk), Zealand Denmark 4,851 BCE I-FT344596 Allentoft et al. 2024
Henriksholm 747 NEO747 Henriksholm-Bøgebakken (Vedbæk), Zealand Denmark 4,778 BCE I-S2497 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Bjørnsholm 751 NEO751 Bjørnsholm, Jutland Denmark 4,365 BCE I-BY420 Allentoft et al. 2024
Ertebølle 569 NEO569 Ertebølle, Jutland Denmark 4,195 BCE I-BY420 Allentoft et al. 2024
Rødhals 645 NEO645 Rødhals, Zealand Denmark 3,886 BCE I-FTG563 Allentoft et al. 2024
Pandebjerg 595 NEO595 Pandebjerg, Zealand Denmark 3,595 BCE I-FT4093 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Bygholm Nørremark 564 NEO564 Bygholm Nørremark, Jutland Denmark 3,585 BCE I-L161 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Vig Femhøve 744 NEO744 Vig Femhøve, Zealand Denmark 3,413 BCE Q-Y2700 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Porsmose 795 NEO795 Porsmose, Zealand Denmark 3,380 BCE I-FGC7095 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Neverkær Mose 594 NEO594 Neverkær Mose, Funen Denmark 3,231 BCE I-CTS10057 ? Allentoft et al. 2024