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Scotland (Orkney): ancient DNA

38
Y-DNA
samples
17
mtDNA
samples

People whose remains archaeologists found and whose DNA labs have read. The date is the middle of the dating interval, radiocarbon or by archaeological context. Branches link to branch pages where one exists. All archaeological cultures

Y-DNA

By period #

4,000–3,000 BCE
13 · 34.2%
3,000–2,000 BCE
7 · 18.4%
2,000–1,000 BCE
9 · 23.7%
1,000–0 BCE
3 · 7.9%
0–1,000 CE
6 · 15.8%
Y-DNA

Branches #

I-FGC7094
20 · 52.6%
I-L623
2 · 5.3%
I-FGC7095
1 · 2.6%
I-AMM061
1 · 2.6%
I-L161
1 · 2.6%
I-Y3712
1 · 2.6%
I-L38
1 · 2.6%
I-S2639
1 · 2.6%
R-DF13
1 · 2.6%
R-CTS11744
1 · 2.6%
R-S7106
1 · 2.6%
R-DF49
1 · 2.6%
Y-DNA

Cultures #

All archaeological cultures

mtDNA

By period #

4,000–3,000 BCE
8 · 47.1%
3,000–2,000 BCE
1 · 5.9%
2,000–1,000 BCE
1 · 5.9%
1,000–0 BCE
1 · 5.9%
0–1,000 CE
6 · 35.3%
mtDNA

Branches #

K1b1a1
2 · 11.8%
H1
2 · 11.8%
V
1 · 5.9%
T2c1d1
1 · 5.9%
J1c
1 · 5.9%
U5a2c3
1 · 5.9%
U8b1b
1 · 5.9%
H5
1 · 5.9%
T2a1b1a
1 · 5.9%
U2e2a1c
1 · 5.9%
J2b1a
1 · 5.9%
T2b
1 · 5.9%

Paternal lines of the ancients #

Source: FamilyTreeDNA Discover.

Paternal lines of the ancients
Sample Culture Site Date Branch Study
Gen Scot 79 I2796 Neolithic British Isles Point of Cott, Orkney 3,621 BCE I-FGC7095 ? Olalde et al. 2018; Patterson et al. 2022
Holm of Papa 35761 I35761 Neolithic British Isles Holm of Papa Westray North, Orkney 3,500 BCE I-FTJ51397 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Gen Scot 10 I2650 Neolithic British Isles Holm of Papa, Orkney 3,430 BCE I-FTK187 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Cummings et al. 2026; Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 9 I2637 Neolithic British Isles Holm of Papa, Orkney 3,425 BCE I-A8742 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Cummings et al. 2026; Olalde et al. 2018
Unstan 7554 I7554 Neolithic British Isles Unstan, Orkney 3,232 BCE I-FTJ51397 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Holm of Papa 36003 I36003 Neolithic British Isles Holm of Papa Westray North, Orkney 3,193 BCE I-FTK187 Akbari et al. 2026; Cummings et al. 2026
Gen Scot 76 I2978 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney 3,190 BCE I-BY37286 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Banks tomb 627 NEO627 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney 3,182 BCE I-BY37286 Allentoft et al. 2024
Gen Scot 73 I2935 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney 3,165 BCE I-BY37286 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 77 I2979 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney 3,154 BCE I-Y13518 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Banks tomb 626 NEO626 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney 3,132 BCE I-BY37286 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Banks tomb 625 NEO625 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney 3,130 BCE I-BY37286 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Gen Scot 3 I2631 Neolithic British Isles Quoyness, Orkney 3,007 BCE I-AMM061 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 2629 I2629 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney Islands 2,980 BCE I-L161 ? Olalde et al. 2018; Patterson et al. 2022
Banks tomb 630 NEO630 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney 2,947 BCE I-BY37286 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Gen Scot 71 I2933 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney 2,927 BCE I-Y3712 ? Olalde et al. 2018
Banks tomb 717 NEO717 Neolithic British Isles Banks tomb, Orkney 2,900 BCE I-BY37286 ? Allentoft et al. 2024
Gen Scot 75 I2977 Neolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney 2,893 BCE I-Y63727 Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 2 I2630 Chalcolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney 2,521 BCE I-FT368016 Olalde et al. 2018
Gen Scot 70 I2932 Chalcolithic British Isles Isbister, Orkney 2,483 BCE I-FT368016 Akbari et al. 2026; Allen Ancient Genome Diversity Project; Olalde et al. 2018
Noltland 57 KD057 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray 1,643 BCE I-S2639 ? Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 45 KD045 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray 1,560 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 6 KD006 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray 1,560 BCE I-Y13518 ? Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 59 KD059 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray 1,541 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 60 KD060 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray 1,541 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 61 KD061 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray 1,541 BCE R-DF13 ? Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 64 KD064 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray 1,480 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 49 KD049 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray 1,463 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Noltland 47 KD047 Bronze Age British Isles Links of Noltland, Westray 1,410 BCE I-FTH11265 Dulias et al. 2022
Bu 2982 I2982 Iron Age British Bu, Orkney Islands 300 BCE R-CTS11954 Akbari et al. 2026; Patterson et al. 2022
Knowe of Skea 4 KD004 Iron Age British Knowe of Skea, Westray 172 BCE R-S7106 ? Dulias et al. 2022
Howe 2799 I2799 Iron Age British Howe of Howe, Orkney Islands 52 BCE R-DF49 ? Patterson et al. 2022
Toab 18915 CGG018915 Caledonian Mine Howe, Toab 40 CE R-FTC37192 McColl et al. 2024 (bioRxiv)
Birsay 203 VK203 Pictish Birsay, Brough Road, Orkney 361 CE R-BY10450 Margaryan et al. 2020
Buckquoy 201 I2800 Pictish Buckquoy Birsay, Orkney 500 CE I-Y3713 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Margaryan et al. 2020
Buckquoy 202 I2984 Viking Age Orcadian Buckquoy Birsay, Orkney 950 CE R-A151 ? Akbari et al. 2026; Margaryan et al. 2020
Deerness 204 VK204 Viking Age Orcadian Deerness, Orkney 950 CE R-BY115469 ? Margaryan et al. 2020
Deerness 205 VK205 Viking Age Orcadian Deerness, Orkney 950 CE R-S6794 Margaryan et al. 2020

Maternal lines of the ancients #

Source: YFull; no culture given.

Maternal lines of the ancients
Sample Site Date Branch
87032 Orkney Islands 3,441 BCE V
87474 Orkney Islands 3,430 BCE T2c1d1
87470 Orkney Islands 3,425 BCE K1b1a1
87104 Orkney Islands 3,235 BCE J1c9e
86576 Orkney Islands 3,233 BCE H1dz
87052 Orkney Islands 3,182 BCE U5a2c3-a
86573 Orkney Islands 3,180 BCE K1b1a1
86584 Orkney Islands 3,138 BCE U8b1b4a1
87094 Orkney Islands 2,460 BCE H5az
87019 Orkney Islands 1,758 BCE T2a1b1a7
101920 Orkney 303 BCE U2e2a1c
148738 Orkney Islands 64 CE J2b1a-a
148378 Orkney Islands 117 CE T2b81a
82358 Orkney Islands 350 CE H4a1a1a1a1
82373 Orkney Islands 500 CE H3k1a3
82304 Orkney Islands 950 CE H1ai1a
82542 Orkney Islands 950 CE H1m6